diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt index 118dc1e..bd9d37f 100755 --- a/CMakeLists.txt +++ b/CMakeLists.txt @@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER "clang") set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON) cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.18) project(${PROJ_NAME} LANGUAGES C CXX) -set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20) +set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 23) file(STRINGS "./other/build.nr" BUILD_NUMBER) #----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -message(STATUS "Building ${PROJ_NAME} ${MAJOR_VER}.${MINOR_VER}.${BUILD_NUMBER}") +message("** Building ${PROJ_NAME} ${MAJOR_VER}.${MINOR_VER}.${BUILD_NUMBER}") if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug") message(STATUS "Debug Configuration") elseif(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release") @@ -35,26 +35,74 @@ list(APPEND SOURCE_FILES #Targets #----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -set(APP_TARGET pianolib) -add_executable(${APP_TARGET} ${SOURCE_FILES}) -target_include_directories(${APP_TARGET} PUBLIC ${INCLUDE_DIRS}) +set(MAIN_TARGET pianolib) +add_executable(${MAIN_TARGET} ${SOURCE_FILES}) +if(WIN32) + target_sources(${MAIN_TARGET} PUBLIC "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/other/appIcon.rc") +endif() +target_include_directories(${MAIN_TARGET} PUBLIC ${INCLUDE_DIRS}) + +target_compile_definitions(${MAIN_TARGET} PUBLIC BUILD_NR=${BUILD_NUMBER} MAJ_V=${MAJOR_VER} MIN_V=${MINOR_VER} VERSION_STR="${MAJOR_VER}.${MINOR_VER}.${BUILD_NUMBER}") + +if (WIN32) + set(MSYS2_UCRT64 "C:/msys64/ucrt64") + target_include_directories(${MAIN_TARGET} PRIVATE + "${MSYS2_UCRT64}/include" + "${MSYS2_UCRT64}/include/c++/13.2.0" + "${MSYS2_UCRT64}/include/c++/13.2.0/x86_64-w64-mingw32" + ) +endif() if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug") - add_compile_options(-O3 -MMD -MP -Wall -ggdb -fsanitize=address) - target_compile_definitions(${APP_TARGET} PUBLIC PIANOLIB_DEBUG_BUILD) + target_compile_definitions(${MAIN_TARGET} PUBLIC BUILD_CONFIG_DEBUG OX_DEBUG_BUILD) + add_compile_options(-MMD -MP -Wall -ggdb) elseif(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release") - add_compile_options(-MMD -MP -Wall) - target_compile_definitions(${APP_TARGET} PUBLIC PIANOLIB_RELEASE_BUILD) + target_compile_definitions(${MAIN_TARGET} PUBLIC BUILD_CONFIG_RELEASE OX_RELEASE_BUILD) + add_compile_options(-O3 -MMD -MP -Wall) +endif() + +if(WIN32 AND CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release") + set_target_properties(${MAIN_TARGET} PROPERTIES + WIN32_EXECUTABLE TRUE + ) endif() #----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #Linking #----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -target_link_libraries(${APP_TARGET} PUBLIC ostd ogfx) +if (WIN32) + target_link_libraries(${MAIN_TARGET} mingw32 SDL3 SDL3_ttf SDL3_image) +endif (WIN32) if (APPLE) cmake_policy(SET CMP0167 OLD) + find_package(Boost REQUIRED COMPONENTS regex) + target_link_libraries(${MAIN_TARGET} Boost::regex) + find_package(PkgConfig REQUIRED) + pkg_check_modules(SDL3 REQUIRED sdl3) + pkg_check_modules(SDL3_IMAGE REQUIRED sdl3-image) + pkg_check_modules(SDL3_TTF REQUIRED sdl3-ttf) + target_include_directories(${MAIN_TARGET} PUBLIC + ${SDL3_INCLUDE_DIRS} + ${SDL3_IMAGE_INCLUDE_DIRS} + ${SDL3_TTF_INCLUDE_DIRS} + ) + target_link_directories(${MAIN_TARGET} PUBLIC + ${SDL3_LIBRARY_DIRS} + ${SDL3_IMAGE_LIBRARY_DIRS} + ${SDL3_TTF_LIBRARY_DIRS} + ) + target_link_libraries(${MAIN_TARGET} + ${SDL3_LIBRARIES} + ${SDL3_IMAGE_LIBRARIES} + ${SDL3_TTF_LIBRARIES} + ) elseif (UNIX) set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} -Wl,-rpath,'$ORIGIN',-rpath,/usr/lib,-rpath,/usr/local/lib") + target_link_libraries(${MAIN_TARGET} xcb xcb-randr boost_regex SDL3 SDL3_image) endif () + +target_compile_definitions(${MAIN_TARGET} PUBLIC CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT) +target_link_libraries(${MAIN_TARGET} mbedtls mbedx509 mbedcrypto) +target_link_libraries(${MAIN_TARGET} ostd ogfx) #----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/build b/build index 14583e9..c7bd301 100755 --- a/build +++ b/build @@ -22,18 +22,52 @@ if [[ "$1" == "debug" || "$1" == "release" ]]; then cmake -B bin -S ./ -G "$MAKEFILE_TYPE" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=$BUILD_TYPE $MAKE_COMMAND -C bin $NJOBS --no-print-directory cp -r extra/* bin/ - build_number=$(cat other/build.nr) - build_number=$((build_number + 1)) + typeset -i build_number=$(cat other/build.nr) + ((build_number++)) truncate -s 0 other/build.nr echo $build_number >> other/build.nr +# elif [[ "$1" == "windows_release" ]]; then +# cd other +# chmod +x build_windows_release.sh +# ./build_windows_release.sh +# cd ../bin/DragonV2_w64 +# cd ../.. +# elif [[ "$1" == "linux_release" ]]; then +# cd other +# chmod +x build_linux_release.sh +# ./build_linux_release.sh +# cd ../bin/DragonV2_linux64 +# cd ../.. +# elif [[ "$1" == "dependencies" ]]; then +# cd other +# chmod +x build_dependencies.sh +# ./build_dependencies.sh +# cd .. else cp -r extra/* bin/ printf "\n\033[0;32mBuilding Changes...\n\n\033[0m" $MAKE_COMMAND -C bin $NJOBS --no-print-directory if [[ "$1" == "run" ]]; then - printf "\n\033[0;32mRunning PianoLibrary...\n\n\033[0m" - cd bin + printf "\n\033[0;32mRunning Application...\n\n\033[0m" + cd bin ./pianolib cd .. + elif [[ "$1" == "gdb" ]]; then + printf "\n\033[0;32mDebugging Application...\n\n\033[0m" + cd bin + gdb -batch \ + -ex 'set pagination off' \ + -ex 'set print pretty on' \ + -ex 'set logging file gdb-last.log' \ + -ex 'set logging overwrite on' \ + -ex 'set logging on' \ + -ex 'handle SIGPIPE nostop noprint pass' \ + -ex run \ + -ex 'bt full' \ + -ex 'info locals' \ + -ex 'info args' \ + -ex quit \ + --args ./pianolib + cd .. fi fi diff --git a/extra/res/icons.png b/extra/res/icons.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43768d4 Binary files /dev/null and b/extra/res/icons.png differ diff --git a/extra/res/loading.png b/extra/res/loading.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2099ed Binary files /dev/null and b/extra/res/loading.png differ diff --git a/extra/res/test.png b/extra/res/test.png deleted file mode 100644 index ad258d3..0000000 Binary files a/extra/res/test.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/extra/res/ttf/Courier Prime.ttf b/extra/res/ttf/Courier Prime.ttf deleted file mode 100644 index db4e6c1..0000000 Binary files a/extra/res/ttf/Courier Prime.ttf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/extra/res/ttf/MonospaceTypewriter.ttf b/extra/res/ttf/MonospaceTypewriter.ttf deleted file mode 100644 index 29e9a67..0000000 Binary files a/extra/res/ttf/MonospaceTypewriter.ttf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/extra/res/ttf/NK57 Monospace Cd Rg.otf b/extra/res/ttf/NK57 Monospace Cd Rg.otf deleted file mode 100644 index b9265fd..0000000 Binary files a/extra/res/ttf/NK57 Monospace Cd Rg.otf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/extra/res/ttf/Roboto-Regular.ttf b/extra/res/ttf/Roboto-Regular.ttf deleted file mode 100644 index 7d9a6c4..0000000 Binary files a/extra/res/ttf/Roboto-Regular.ttf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/extra/res/ttf/Roboto-Thin.ttf b/extra/res/ttf/Roboto-Thin.ttf deleted file mode 100644 index 861d63a..0000000 Binary files a/extra/res/ttf/Roboto-Thin.ttf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/extra/res/ttf/UbuntuMono-R.ttf b/extra/res/ttf/UbuntuMono-R.ttf deleted file mode 100644 index fdd309d..0000000 Binary files a/extra/res/ttf/UbuntuMono-R.ttf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/extra/res/ttf/cmunorm.ttf b/extra/res/ttf/cmunorm.ttf deleted file mode 100644 index 72cfd42..0000000 Binary files a/extra/res/ttf/cmunorm.ttf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/extra/res/ttf/digital7mono.ttf b/extra/res/ttf/digital7mono.ttf deleted file mode 100644 index a481b97..0000000 Binary files a/extra/res/ttf/digital7mono.ttf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/extra/res/ttf/joystix monospace.otf b/extra/res/ttf/joystix monospace.otf deleted file mode 100644 index 20a3100..0000000 Binary files a/extra/res/ttf/joystix monospace.otf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/extra/res/ttf/monofonto rg.otf b/extra/res/ttf/monofonto rg.otf deleted file mode 100644 index bca1ad6..0000000 Binary files a/extra/res/ttf/monofonto rg.otf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/extra/themes/DefaultThemeDark.oss b/extra/themes/DefaultThemeDark.oss new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4337b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/extra/themes/DefaultThemeDark.oss @@ -0,0 +1,424 @@ +% ================== DefaultTheme.oss ================== + + +% ==== Variables ==== +const $accentColor = #2FB000FF +const $textColor = #CCEECCFF +const $borderColor = #111111FF +const $darkColor = #223322FF +const $accentColorLight = #87FF5CFF +const $accentColorDark = #3B7500FF +const $backgroundColor = rgba(30, 30, 30, 255) +const $crimsonAccent = rgba(220, 20, 60, 150) +const $blueAccent = #0075C7 +% =================== + + +macro set_focus_border(color, width = 1, show = true) { + focusBorderColor = $color; + showFocusBorder = $show; + focusBorderWidth = $width; +} + +macro set_common_values(_borderColor = $borderColor, _fontSize = 18, _showBorder = true) { + borderColor = $_borderColor; + fontSize = $_fontSize; + showBorder = $_showBorder; +} + + +% ====== Root Widget ====== +(window) { + backgroundColor = $backgroundColor + (tooltip) { + backgroundColor = #FFF7D6FF + borderColor = rgb(30, 30, 30) + textColor = rgb(30, 30, 30) + borderWidth = 1 + fontSize = 20 + } +} +% ========================= + + +% ====== Panel ====== +(panel) { + set_common_values() + backgroundColor = $backgroundColor + titleColor = $accentColorDark + titlebarColor = $borderColor + titlebarBorderColor = $borderColor + borderRadius = 0 + borderWidth = 2 + titlebarBorderWidth = 2 + showBackground = true + titlebarType = full + titlebarHeight = 35 + titlebarFontSize = 18 + titlebarTextAlign = text_left + scrollSpeed = 1.2 + scrollSmoothFactor = 0.7 + padding = rect(15, 15, 15, 15) + margin = rect(0, 0, 0, 0) +} +% =================== + + + +% ====== TabPanel ====== +(tabPanel) { + set_common_values() + backgroundColor = $backgroundColor + borderRadius = 0 + borderWidth = 2 + showBackground = true + margin = rect(0, 0, 0, 0) + textColor = $textColor + + (tabBar) { + height = 35.0 + backgroundColor = $darkColor + borderColor = $borderColor + borderWidth = 1 + sidePadding = 20.0 + } +} +(@panel_tab panel) { +} +% ====================== + + + +% ====== Scrollbar ====== +(scrollbar) { + (thumb) { + color = $darkColor + borderRadius = 30.0 + borderColor = $borderColor + showBorder = true + } + (track) { + color = #111111FF + } + width = 18.0 +} +(scrollbar:hover) { + (thumb) { + color = $accentColorDark + } +} +(scrollbar:pressed) { + (thumb) { + color = #225500FF + } + (track) { + color = #001100FF + } +} +% ======================= + + + +% ====== CheckBox ====== +(checkbox) { + set_common_values($borderColor, 18, false) + checkBorderColor = $accentColorDark + checkBoxColor = $accentColor + textColor = $textColor + borderRadius = 0 + borderWidth = 0 + checkBorderRadius = 6 + checkBorderWidth = 2 + showBackground = false + padding = rect(4, 4, 4, 4) + margin = rect(0, 0, 0, 0) + set_focus_border($blueAccent) +} +(checkbox:hover) { + checkBorderColor = $accentColorLight +} +(checkbox:pressed) { + checkBoxColor = $accentColor + textColor = $accentColorDark + checkBorderColor = $accentColor +} +(checkbox:active) { + checkBoxColor = $accentColor + checkBorderColor = $accentColor + textColor = $accentColorDark +} +% ====================== + + + +% ====== RadioButton ====== +(radioButton) { + set_common_values($borderColor, 18, false) + innerCircleColor = $accentColorDark + outerCircleColor = $accentColor + outerCircleBorderWidth = 2 + textColor = $textColor + showBackground = false + padding = rect(4, 4, 4, 4) + margin = rect(0, 0, 0, 0) + set_focus_border($blueAccent) +} +(radioButton:hover) { + outerCircleColor = $accentColorLight +} +(radioButton:pressed) { + outerCircleColor = $accentColor + textColor = $accentColorDark + innerCircleColor = $accentColor +} +(radioButton:active) { + innerCircleColor = $accentColor + outerCircleColor = $accentColor + textColor = $accentColorDark +} +% ========================= + + + +% ====== Label ====== +(label) { + set_common_values($borderColor, 18, false) + textColor = $textColor + borderRadius = 0 + borderWidth = 0 + showBackground = false + padding = rect(15, 15, 15, 15) + margin = rect(0, 0, 0, 0) +} +% =================== + + + +% ====== Button ====== +(button) { + set_common_values($accentColorDark) + textColor = $textColor + backgroundGradient = gradientV($accentColor - $accentColorDark) + borderRadius = 0 + borderWidth = 1 + showBackground = false + useBackgroundGradient = true + padding = rect(5, 5, 5, 5) + margin = rect(0, 0, 0, 0) + showIcon = false + (icon) { + } + set_focus_border($blueAccent) +} +(button:hover) { + borderColor = $accentColorLight +} +(button:pressed) { + borderColor = $accentColorDark + textColor = #BBBBBBFF + backgroundGradient = gradientV($accentColorDark - $accentColor) +} +% ==================== + + + +% ====== Image ====== +(image) { +} +% =================== + + + +% ====== ProgressBar ====== +(progressbar) { + set_common_values($accentColor) + borderWidth = 1 + showDecimal = false + showText = true + useBackgroundGradient = true + backgroundGradient = gradientV($darkColor - $accentColorDark) + useProgressGradient = true + progressGradient = gradientV($accentColor - $accentColorDark) +} +% ========================= + + + +% ====== Slider ====== +(slider) { + (handle) { + color = $accentColor + size = vec2(10, 18) + } + (track) { + color = $accentColorDark + progressColor = $accentColor + width = 6.0 + } + showStepTicks = true + stepTickHeight = 6.0 + stepTickColor = $accentColor + padding = rect(5, 5, 5, 5) + set_focus_border($blueAccent) +} +% =================== + + + +% ====== Context Menu ====== +(context) { + set_common_values() + padding = rect(16, 0, 16, 0) + itemSpacing = 6.0 + backgroundColor = $darkColor + selectionColor = $accentColor + selectionTextColor = $accentColorLight + separatorLineColor = $borderColor + textColor = $textColor + submenuIndicatorColor = $accentColorDark + useSelectionGradient = true + selectionGradient = gradientV($accentColor - $accentColorDark) + animateOpen = true + animationDelay = 120 +} +% ========================== + + + +% ====== MenuBar ====== +(menubar) { + set_common_values($borderColor, 16, false) + height = 24.0 + itemPadding = rect(0, 0, 15, 0) + backgroundColor = $darkColor + textColor = $textColor + selectionColor = $accentColor + selectionTextColor = $accentColorLight +} +% ===================== + + + +% ====== ToolBar ====== +(toolbar) { + set_common_values() + height = 30.0 + backgroundColor = $darkColor + textColor = $textColor + selectionColor = $accentColor + selectionTextColor = $accentColorLight + showBackground = true +} +(@tool_button button) { + set_common_values(color_black, 18, false) + padding = rect(5, 0, 5, 0) + margin = rect(5, 0, 0, 0) + showBackground = true + backgroundColor = $darkColor + useBackgroundGradient = false + showIcon = true + (icon) { + tint = $accentColorLight + } + set_focus_border($blueAccent) +} +(@tool_button button:hover) { + borderColor = $textColor + backgroundColor = $accentColorDark + showBorder = true + (icon) { + tint = $textColor + } +} +(@tool_button button:pressed) { + borderColor = $accentColorDark + showBorder = true + (icon) { + tint = $accentColorLight + } +} +% ===================== + + + +% ====== ComboBox ====== +(combo) { + set_common_values($accentColor) + backgroundColor = $darkColor + borderWidth = 1 + showBackground = true + triangleIndicatorColor = $accentColor + triangleIndicatorPadding = 8.0 + textColor = $textColor +} +(combo:hover) { + triangleIndicatorColor = $accentColorLight + borderColor = $accentColorLight +} +(combo:active) { + triangleIndicatorColor = $accentColorLight + borderColor = $accentColorLight +} +% ====================== + + + +% ====== TreeView ====== +(tree) { + set_common_values($borderColor, 16, true) + linePadding = rect(5, 5, 0, 0) + selectionColor = $accentColor + selectionTextColor = color_white + iconSpacing = 0.0 + iconInset = 4 + showIcons = true + textColor = $textColor + backgroundColor = $darkColor + backgroundColor2 = $darkColor.lighten(0.06) + showAlternatingBackground = true + separatorLineColor = $borderColor + showSeparatorLine = false + iconTintColor = $accentColorLight + indentWidth = 16.0 + chevronColor = $accentColorDark + chevronInset = 4.0 + branchLineColor = $textColor + showBranchLines = true + branchLineThickness = 1.0 + set_focus_border($blueAccent) +} +% ====================== + + + +% ====== TextEdit ====== +(textEdit) { + set_common_values() + set_focus_border($blueAccent) + backgroundColor = $darkColor + textColor = $textColor + cursorBlink = true + cursorWidth = 2 + cursorColor = $crimsonAccent + selectionColor = $blueAccent + cursorStyle = "line" +} +% ====================== + + + +% ====== ColorPicker ====== +(colorPicker) { + set_common_values() + set_focus_border($blueAccent) + backgroundColor = $darkColor + padding = rect(8, 8, 8, 8) + stripWidth = 20 + regionSpacing = 8 + cursorRadius = 6 +} +(colorButton) { + set_common_values() + set_focus_border($blueAccent) +} +% ========================= diff --git a/other/appIcon.ico b/other/appIcon.ico new file mode 100644 index 0000000..85a06b7 Binary files /dev/null and b/other/appIcon.ico differ diff --git a/other/appIcon.rc b/other/appIcon.rc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..47f792a --- /dev/null +++ b/other/appIcon.rc @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + IDI_ICON1 ICON DISCARDABLE "appIcon.ico" diff --git a/other/build.nr b/other/build.nr index 0cfbf08..b8626c4 100644 --- a/other/build.nr +++ b/other/build.nr @@ -1 +1 @@ -2 +4 diff --git a/other/deps.txt b/other/deps.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..940141a --- /dev/null +++ b/other/deps.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +mbedtls diff --git a/src/Metadata.hpp b/src/Metadata.hpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2fc53b --- /dev/null +++ b/src/Metadata.hpp @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +/* + PianoLibrary + Copyright (C) 2025 OmniaX-Dev + + This file is part of PianoLibrary. + + PianoLibrary is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + PianoLibrary is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + GNU General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with PianoLibrary. If not, see . +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "data.hpp" +#include + +namespace metadata +{ + // Safe conversions — return fallback on any failure. + static float str_to_float(const std::string& s, float fallback = 0.0f) + { + try { return s.empty() ? fallback : std::stof(s); } + catch (...) { return fallback; } + } + + static uint64_t str_to_u64(const std::string& s, uint64_t fallback = 0) + { + try { return s.empty() ? fallback : static_cast(std::stoull(s)); } + catch (...) { return fallback; } + } + + static uint32_t str_to_u32(const std::string& s, uint32_t fallback = 0) + { + try { return s.empty() ? fallback : static_cast(std::stoul(s)); } + catch (...) { return fallback; } + } + + // Parse the full list.json body into a PianoLibrary. + // Returns false on any structural error (missing "data", bad JSON, etc.). + static bool parsePianoLibrary(const std::string& jsonBody, data::PianoLibrary& out) + { + try + { + auto j = nlohmann::json::parse(jsonBody); + + // Root-level metadata + out.generatedAt = j.value("generated-at", std::string("")); + + if (j.contains("revision")) + { + if (j["revision"].is_number()) + out.revision = j["revision"].get(); + else if (j["revision"].is_string()) + out.revision = str_to_u64(j["revision"].get()); + } + + if (!j.contains("data") || !j["data"].is_array()) + return false; + + out.performances.clear(); + out.performances.reserve(j["data"].size()); + + for (const auto& e : j["data"]) + { + data::Performance p; + + p.date = e.value("date", std::string("")); + p.artist = e.value("artist", std::string("")); + p.title = e.value("title", std::string("")); + p.extraInfo = e.value("extra-info", std::string("")); + p.fileName = e.value("file-name", std::string("")); + p.midiFileName = e.value("midi-file-name", std::string("")); + p.id = e.value("ID", std::string("")); + + p.performanceNumber = str_to_u32(e.value("performance-number", std::string("0"))); + p.totalPerformances = str_to_u32(e.value("total-performances", std::string("0"))); + p.fileSize = str_to_u64(e.value("file-size", std::string("0"))); + p.duration = str_to_float(e.value("duration", std::string("0"))); + p.soundStart = str_to_float(e.value("sound-start", std::string("0"))); + + out.performances.push_back(std::move(p)); + } + + return true; + } + catch (...) + { + return false; + } + } +} diff --git a/src/data.hpp b/src/data.hpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..023ed45 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/data.hpp @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/* + PianoLibrary + Copyright (C) 2025 OmniaX-Dev + + This file is part of PianoLibrary. + + PianoLibrary is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + PianoLibrary is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + GNU General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with PianoLibrary. If not, see . +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include +#include + +namespace data +{ + struct Performance + { + String date; + String artist; + String title; + String extraInfo; + String fileName; + String midiFileName; + String id; + + uint32_t performanceNumber { 0 }; + uint32_t totalPerformances { 0 }; + uintmax_t fileSize { 0 }; + float duration { 0.0f }; + float soundStart { 0.0f }; + }; + + struct PianoLibrary + { + String generatedAt; + uint64_t revision { 0 }; + stdvec performances; + }; +} diff --git a/src/info.cpp b/src/info.cpp deleted file mode 100644 index 1910775..0000000 --- a/src/info.cpp +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52 +0,0 @@ -#include -#include - -int main() { - cpr::Response r = cpr::Get(cpr::Url{"https://example.com/data.json"}); - auto j = nlohmann::json::parse(r.text); -} - - - - - - - -#include -#include -#include - -// Portable timegm: temporarily override TZ to UTC, call mktime, restore. -// Works on POSIX, MSVC, MinGW, MSYS2 — everywhere mktime exists. -static std::time_t portable_timegm(std::tm* tm) -{ -#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__MINGW32__) - // _mkgmtime is MSVC/UCRT's timegm equivalent, also available in MSYS2 UCRT64. - return _mkgmtime(tm); -#else - return timegm(tm); -#endif -} - -std::string utcToLocal(const std::string& iso) -{ - std::tm tm = {}; - - // Manual parse — avoids strptime, which MSVC lacks entirely. - // Expected format: "2026-06-20T14:00:00Z" - if (std::sscanf(iso.c_str(), "%d-%d-%dT%d:%d:%dZ", - &tm.tm_year, &tm.tm_mon, &tm.tm_mday, - &tm.tm_hour, &tm.tm_min, &tm.tm_sec) != 6) - return iso; // Unparseable -> return as-is. - - tm.tm_year -= 1900; - tm.tm_mon -= 1; - tm.tm_isdst = -1; - - std::time_t utc = portable_timegm(&tm); - std::tm* local = std::localtime(&utc); - - char buf[64]; - std::strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d %b %Y, %H:%M %Z", local); - return buf; -} diff --git a/src/main.cpp b/src/main.cpp index a2c8daa..058530f 100644 --- a/src/main.cpp +++ b/src/main.cpp @@ -1,167 +1,258 @@ /* - PianoLibrary - A collection of useful functionality - Copyright (C) 2025 OmniaX-Dev + PianoLibrary + Copyright (C) 2025 OmniaX-Dev - This file is part of PianoLibrary. + This file is part of PianoLibrary. - PianoLibrary is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify - it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by - the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or - (at your option) any later version. + PianoLibrary is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. - PianoLibrary is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, - but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of - MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the - GNU General Public License for more details. + PianoLibrary is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + GNU General Public License for more details. - You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License - along with PianoLibrary. If not, see . + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with PianoLibrary. If not, see . */ -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include +#include +#include "vendor/httplib.h" +#include "Metadata.hpp" +#include "utc.hpp" -ostd::ConsoleOutputHandler out; +using namespace ogfx::gui; -struct PianoPerformance -{ - ostd::String date { "" }; - ostd::String artist { "" }; - ostd::String name { "" }; - ostd::String filePath { "" }; - ostd::String extraInfo { "" }; - uint32_t performanceNumber { 0 }; -}; - -int date_to_int(const std::string& s) -{ - int d, m, y; - sscanf(s.c_str(), "%d.%d.%d", &d, &m, &y); - return y * 10000 + m * 100 + d; // YYYYMMDD -} - -class Window : public ogfx::WindowBase +class TestWindow : public Window { public: - inline Window(void) { } + inline TestWindow(void) { } inline void onInitialize(void) override { - enableSignals(); - connectSignal(ostd::tBuiltinSignals::KeyReleased); + m_theme.loadFromFile("./themes/DefaultThemeDark.oss", true, getDefaultStylesheetVariableList()); + setTheme(m_theme); - m_gfx.init(*this); - m_gfx.setFont("res/ttf/Courier Prime.ttf"); + getToolBar().setHeight(30); + getToolBar().setLayout(BoxLayout::Orientation::Horizontal); + getToolBar().getLayout()->setSpacing(10); + getStatusBar().setHeight(24); + showMenuBar(); + showToolBar(); + showStatusBar(); - std::unordered_map> pianoPerformances; + ogfx::AnimationData iconsAD; + iconsAD.frameCount = 1; + iconsAD.fps = 1; + iconsAD.columns = 8; + iconsAD.rows = 5; + iconsAD.frameWidth = 64; + iconsAD.frameHeight = 64; + iconsAD.spacingX = 50; + iconsAD.spacingY = 48; + iconsAD.still = true; - auto musicList = ostd::FileSystem::listFilesInDirectoryRecursive("/home/sylar/Desktop/Music/"); - for (const auto& path : musicList) + auto l_randomIcon = [this](const ogfx::AnimationData& src) -> ogfx::Icon { + static ogfx::Image img("./res/icons.png", getGFX()); + ogfx::AnimationData ad = src; + ad.columnOffset = ostd::Random::getui32(0, 7); + ad.rowOffset = ostd::Random::getui32(0, 4); + if (ad.rowOffset == 3) + ad.columnOffset = ostd::Random::getui32(0, 4); + return { img, ad }; + }; + + for (i32 i = 0; i < 17; i++) { - ostd::String p = path; - p.trim(); - if (p.contains("/")) - p.substr(p.lastIndexOf("/") + 1); - - PianoPerformance pp; - - auto tokens = p.tokenize("-"); - if (tokens.hasNext()) - pp.date = tokens.next(); - if (tokens.hasNext()) - pp.artist = tokens.next(); - if (tokens.hasNext()) - pp.name = tokens.next(); - if (tokens.hasNext()) - { - ostd::String tmp = tokens.next(); - if (!tmp.isNumeric()) - { - int32_t i = 0; - for ( ; i < tmp.len(); i++) - { - char c = tmp[i]; - if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') - continue; - break; - } - if (i == 0) - pp.performanceNumber = 0; - else - pp.performanceNumber = tmp.substr(0, i).toInt(); - } - else - pp.performanceNumber = tmp.toInt(); - } - while (tokens.hasNext()) - pp.extraInfo += tokens.next() + " "; - pianoPerformances[pp.date].push_back(pp); + auto icon = l_randomIcon(iconsAD); + auto& btn = getToolBar().addButton("./res/icons.png"); + btn.enableAnimated(); + btn.setAnimationData(icon); + btn.setTabIndex(i + 100); } - std::vector>> sortedPerformances(pianoPerformances.begin(), pianoPerformances.end()); + m_tabs.setSize(900, 700); + m_tabs.addThemeOverride("@.tabPanel.showBorder", false); + auto& t1 = m_tabs.addTab("Tab1"); + auto& t2 = m_tabs.addTab("Tab2 Test"); + auto& t3 = m_tabs.addTab("Long Tab Test"); - std::sort(sortedPerformances.begin(), sortedPerformances.end(), - [](auto& a, auto& b) { - return date_to_int(a.first) < date_to_int(b.first); - } - ); + addWidget(m_tabs, { 0, 0 }); + getToolBar().reloadTheme(true); - for (auto[date, performances] : sortedPerformances) - { - out.fg(ostd::ConsoleColors::BrightBlue).p(date).nl(); - for (const auto& perf : performances) + auto onActivate = [this](const ContextMenu::Entry& e) { + out().fg("cyan").p("[MenuBar] Activated: ").fg("yellow").p(e.text) + .fg("cyan").p(" (id=").fg("green").p(e.id).fg("cyan").p(")").reset().nl(); + + switch (e.id) { - out.fg(ostd::ConsoleColors::BrightYellow).p(" ").p(perf.artist).p("\t"); - out.fg(ostd::ConsoleColors::BrightGray).p(perf.name).p(" "); - out.fg(ostd::ConsoleColors::BrightRed).p("(").p(perf.performanceNumber).p(")").nl(); + case TestMenuId::File_Exit: + close(); + break; + // ... add real handlers as you build them out + default: + break; } - out.nl().nl(); - } - out.reset(); + }; - close(); - } + fileMenu.onActivate = onActivate; + editMenu.onActivate = onActivate; + viewMenu.onActivate = onActivate; + helpMenu.onActivate = onActivate; - inline void handleSignal(ostd::tSignal& signal) override + getMenuBar().addMenu("File", fileMenu) + .addMenu("Edit", editMenu) + .addMenu("View", viewMenu) + .addMenu("Help", helpMenu); + } + + inline void onSignal(ostd::Signal& signal) override { - if (signal.ID == ostd::tBuiltinSignals::KeyReleased) + if (signal.ID == ostd::BuiltinSignals::KeyReleased) { auto& evtData = (ogfx::KeyEventData&)signal.userData; - if (evtData.keyCode == SDLK_ESCAPE) + if (evtData.keyCode == ogfx::KeyCode::Escape) close(); } + else if (signal.ID == ostd::BuiltinSignals::WindowResized) + { + auto& wrd = cast(signal.userData); + m_tabs.setSize(cast(getWindowWidth()), cast(getWindowHeight() - getMenuBar().geth() - getToolBar().geth() - getStatusBar().geth())); + m_tabs.setPosition(0, -1); + m_tabs.refreshCurrentTab(); + + } } - inline void onRender(void) override + void onRedraw(ogfx::BasicRenderer2D& gfx) override { } - inline void onFixedUpdate(double frameTime_s) override - { - } - - inline void onUpdate(void) override + void onFixedUpdate(void) override { } private: - ogfx::BasicRenderer2D m_gfx; + TabPanel m_tabs { *this }; + + enum TestMenuId : i32 + { + // File + File_New = 1, + File_Open, + File_OpenRecent_Project1, + File_OpenRecent_Project2, + File_OpenRecent_Project3, + File_OpenRecent_ClearList, + File_Save, + File_SaveAs, + File_Export_PNG, + File_Export_JPG, + File_Export_SVG, + File_Export_PDF, + File_Exit, + + // Edit + Edit_Undo, + Edit_Redo, + Edit_Cut, + Edit_Copy, + Edit_Paste, + Edit_SelectAll, + + // View + View_ZoomIn, + View_ZoomOut, + View_ZoomReset, + View_Theme_Dark, + View_Theme_Light, + View_Theme_Crimson, + + // Help + Help_Documentation, + Help_About, + }; + + ContextMenu::Instance fileMenu { { + { "New", TestMenuId::File_New }, + { "Open...", TestMenuId::File_Open }, + { "Open Recent", { + { "Project1.proj", TestMenuId::File_OpenRecent_Project1 }, + { "Project2.proj", TestMenuId::File_OpenRecent_Project2 }, + { "Project3.proj", TestMenuId::File_OpenRecent_Project3 }, + { "Clear Recent List", TestMenuId::File_OpenRecent_ClearList }, + }}, + { "Save", TestMenuId::File_Save }, + { "Save As...",TestMenuId::File_SaveAs }, + { "Export As", { + { "PNG Image", TestMenuId::File_Export_PNG }, + { "JPG Image", TestMenuId::File_Export_JPG }, + { "SVG Vector",TestMenuId::File_Export_SVG }, + { "PDF Document", TestMenuId::File_Export_PDF }, + }}, + { "Exit", TestMenuId::File_Exit } }, + nullptr + }; + + ContextMenu::Instance editMenu { { + { "Undo", TestMenuId::Edit_Undo }, + { "Redo", TestMenuId::Edit_Redo }, + { "Cut", TestMenuId::Edit_Cut }, + { "Copy", TestMenuId::Edit_Copy }, + { "Paste", TestMenuId::Edit_Paste }, + { "Select All", TestMenuId::Edit_SelectAll } }, + nullptr + }; + + ContextMenu::Instance viewMenu { { + { "Zoom In", TestMenuId::View_ZoomIn }, + { "Zoom Out", TestMenuId::View_ZoomOut }, + { "Reset Zoom", TestMenuId::View_ZoomReset }, + { "Theme", { + { "Dark", TestMenuId::View_Theme_Dark }, + { "Light", TestMenuId::View_Theme_Light }, + { "Crimson", TestMenuId::View_Theme_Crimson }, + }} }, + nullptr + }; + + ContextMenu::Instance helpMenu { { + { "Documentation", TestMenuId::Help_Documentation }, + { "About", TestMenuId::Help_About } }, + nullptr + }; + + ostd::Stylesheet m_theme; }; -int main(int argc, char** argv) -{ - Window window; - window.initialize(1280, 720, "PianoLibrary"); - window.setClearColor({ 0, 2 , 15 }); - - while (window.isRunning()) +void request() { + httplib::Client cli("https://timeline.keylightpiano.com"); + auto res = cli.Get("/music/list.json"); + if (res && res->status == 200) { - window.update(); - } + data::PianoLibrary library; + if (metadata::parsePianoLibrary(res->body, library)) + { + std::string localTime = utc::toLocal(library.generatedAt); + printf("Revision %lu, generated %s\n", library.revision, localTime.c_str()); + printf("%zu performances loaded\n", library.performances.size()); + for (const auto& p : library.performances) + printf(" %s - %s (%.1fs)\n", p.artist.c_str(), p.title.c_str(), p.duration); + } + } +} + +i32 main(i32 argc, char** argv) +{ + request(); + ostd::Random::autoSeed(); + TestWindow window; + window.initialize(960, 540, "PianoLibrary"); + window.setClearColor({ 0, 0, 0 }); + window.setPosition({ 50, 50 }); + // window.setWindowState(ogfx::gui::Window::eWindowState::Maximized); + window.mainLoop(); return 0; } diff --git a/src/utc.hpp b/src/utc.hpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f24f0b --- /dev/null +++ b/src/utc.hpp @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +/* + PianoLibrary + Copyright (C) 2025 OmniaX-Dev + + This file is part of PianoLibrary. + + PianoLibrary is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + PianoLibrary is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + GNU General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with PianoLibrary. If not, see . +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include + +namespace utc +{ + // Portable timegm: temporarily override TZ to UTC, call mktime, restore. + // Works on POSIX, MSVC, MinGW, MSYS2 — everywhere mktime exists. + static std::time_t portable_timegm(std::tm* tm) + { + #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__MINGW32__) + // _mkgmtime is MSVC/UCRT's timegm equivalent, also available in MSYS2 UCRT64. + return _mkgmtime(tm); + #else + return timegm(tm); + #endif + } + + static String toLocal(const String& iso) + { + std::tm tm = {}; + + // Manual parse — avoids strptime, which MSVC lacks entirely. + // Expected format: "2026-06-20T14:00:00Z" + if (std::sscanf(iso.c_str(), "%d-%d-%dT%d:%d:%dZ", + &tm.tm_year, &tm.tm_mon, &tm.tm_mday, + &tm.tm_hour, &tm.tm_min, &tm.tm_sec) != 6) + return iso; // Unparseable -> return as-is. + + tm.tm_year -= 1900; + tm.tm_mon -= 1; + tm.tm_isdst = -1; + + std::time_t utc = portable_timegm(&tm); + std::tm* local = std::localtime(&utc); + + char buf[64]; + std::strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d %b %Y, %H:%M %Z", local); + return buf; + } +} diff --git a/src/vendor/httplib.h b/src/vendor/httplib.h new file mode 100644 index 0000000..58c63d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/vendor/httplib.h @@ -0,0 +1,20588 @@ +// +// httplib.h +// +// Copyright (c) 2026 Yuji Hirose. All rights reserved. +// MIT License +// + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_HTTPLIB_H +#define CPPHTTPLIB_HTTPLIB_H + +#define CPPHTTPLIB_VERSION "0.48.0" +#define CPPHTTPLIB_VERSION_NUM "0x003000" + +#ifdef _WIN32 +#if defined(_WIN32_WINNT) && _WIN32_WINNT < 0x0A00 +#error \ + "cpp-httplib doesn't support Windows 8 or lower. Please use Windows 10 or later." +#endif +#endif + +/* + * Configuration + */ + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_SECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_SECOND 5 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_CHECK_INTERVAL_USECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_CHECK_INTERVAL_USECOND 10000 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_KEEPALIVE_MAX_COUNT +#define CPPHTTPLIB_KEEPALIVE_MAX_COUNT 100 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_SECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_SECOND 300 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_USECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_USECOND 0 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_SERVER_READ_TIMEOUT_SECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_SERVER_READ_TIMEOUT_SECOND 5 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_SERVER_READ_TIMEOUT_USECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_SERVER_READ_TIMEOUT_USECOND 0 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_SERVER_WRITE_TIMEOUT_SECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_SERVER_WRITE_TIMEOUT_SECOND 5 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_SERVER_WRITE_TIMEOUT_USECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_SERVER_WRITE_TIMEOUT_USECOND 0 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_READ_TIMEOUT_SECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_READ_TIMEOUT_SECOND 300 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_READ_TIMEOUT_USECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_READ_TIMEOUT_USECOND 0 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_WRITE_TIMEOUT_SECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_WRITE_TIMEOUT_SECOND 5 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_WRITE_TIMEOUT_USECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_WRITE_TIMEOUT_USECOND 0 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_MAX_TIMEOUT_MSECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_MAX_TIMEOUT_MSECOND 0 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_EXPECT_100_THRESHOLD +#define CPPHTTPLIB_EXPECT_100_THRESHOLD 1024 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_EXPECT_100_TIMEOUT_MSECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_EXPECT_100_TIMEOUT_MSECOND 1000 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_WAIT_EARLY_SERVER_RESPONSE_THRESHOLD +#define CPPHTTPLIB_WAIT_EARLY_SERVER_RESPONSE_THRESHOLD (1024 * 1024) +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_WAIT_EARLY_SERVER_RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MSECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_WAIT_EARLY_SERVER_RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MSECOND 50 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_IDLE_INTERVAL_SECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_IDLE_INTERVAL_SECOND 0 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_IDLE_INTERVAL_USECOND +#ifdef _WIN32 +#define CPPHTTPLIB_IDLE_INTERVAL_USECOND 1000 +#else +#define CPPHTTPLIB_IDLE_INTERVAL_USECOND 0 +#endif +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_REQUEST_URI_MAX_LENGTH +#define CPPHTTPLIB_REQUEST_URI_MAX_LENGTH 8192 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_LENGTH +#define CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_LENGTH 8192 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_COUNT +#define CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_COUNT 100 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_REDIRECT_MAX_COUNT +#define CPPHTTPLIB_REDIRECT_MAX_COUNT 20 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_MULTIPART_FORM_DATA_FILE_MAX_COUNT +#define CPPHTTPLIB_MULTIPART_FORM_DATA_FILE_MAX_COUNT 1024 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_PAYLOAD_MAX_LENGTH +#define CPPHTTPLIB_PAYLOAD_MAX_LENGTH (100 * 1024 * 1024) // 100MB +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_FORM_URL_ENCODED_PAYLOAD_MAX_LENGTH +#define CPPHTTPLIB_FORM_URL_ENCODED_PAYLOAD_MAX_LENGTH 8192 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_RANGE_MAX_COUNT +#define CPPHTTPLIB_RANGE_MAX_COUNT 1024 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_TCP_NODELAY +#define CPPHTTPLIB_TCP_NODELAY false +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_IPV6_V6ONLY +#define CPPHTTPLIB_IPV6_V6ONLY false +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_RECV_BUFSIZ +#define CPPHTTPLIB_RECV_BUFSIZ size_t(16384u) +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_SEND_BUFSIZ +#define CPPHTTPLIB_SEND_BUFSIZ size_t(16384u) +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_COMPRESSION_BUFSIZ +#define CPPHTTPLIB_COMPRESSION_BUFSIZ size_t(16384u) +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_COUNT +#define CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_COUNT \ + ((std::max)(8u, std::thread::hardware_concurrency() > 0 \ + ? std::thread::hardware_concurrency() - 1 \ + : 0)) +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_MAX_COUNT +#define CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_MAX_COUNT (CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_COUNT * 4) +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_IDLE_TIMEOUT +#define CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_IDLE_TIMEOUT 3 // seconds +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_RECV_FLAGS +#define CPPHTTPLIB_RECV_FLAGS 0 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_SEND_FLAGS +#define CPPHTTPLIB_SEND_FLAGS 0 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_LISTEN_BACKLOG +#define CPPHTTPLIB_LISTEN_BACKLOG 5 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_MAX_LINE_LENGTH +#define CPPHTTPLIB_MAX_LINE_LENGTH 32768 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH +#define CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH 16777216 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_READ_TIMEOUT_SECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_READ_TIMEOUT_SECOND 300 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_CLOSE_TIMEOUT_SECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_CLOSE_TIMEOUT_SECOND 5 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_PING_INTERVAL_SECOND +#define CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_PING_INTERVAL_SECOND 30 +#endif + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_MISSED_PONGS +#define CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_MISSED_PONGS 0 +#endif + +/* + * Headers + */ + +#ifdef _WIN32 +#ifndef _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS +#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS +#endif //_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS + +#ifndef _CRT_NONSTDC_NO_DEPRECATE +#define _CRT_NONSTDC_NO_DEPRECATE +#endif //_CRT_NONSTDC_NO_DEPRECATE + +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +#if _MSC_VER < 1900 +#error Sorry, Visual Studio versions prior to 2015 are not supported +#endif + +#pragma comment(lib, "ws2_32.lib") + +#ifndef _SSIZE_T_DEFINED +using ssize_t = __int64; +#define _SSIZE_T_DEFINED +#endif +#endif // _MSC_VER + +#ifndef S_ISREG +#define S_ISREG(m) (((m) & S_IFREG) == S_IFREG) +#endif // S_ISREG + +#ifndef S_ISDIR +#define S_ISDIR(m) (((m) & S_IFDIR) == S_IFDIR) +#endif // S_ISDIR + +#ifndef NOMINMAX +#define NOMINMAX +#endif // NOMINMAX + +#include +#include +#include + +#if defined(__has_include) +#if __has_include() +// afunix.h uses types declared in winsock2.h, so has to be included after it. +#include +#define CPPHTTPLIB_HAVE_AFUNIX_H 1 +#endif +#endif + +#ifndef WSA_FLAG_NO_HANDLE_INHERIT +#define WSA_FLAG_NO_HANDLE_INHERIT 0x80 +#endif + +using nfds_t = unsigned long; +using socket_t = SOCKET; +using socklen_t = int; + +#else // not _WIN32 + +#include +#if !defined(_AIX) && !defined(__MVS__) +#include +#endif +#ifdef __MVS__ +#include +#ifndef NI_MAXHOST +#define NI_MAXHOST 1025 +#endif +#endif +#include +#include +#include +#ifdef __linux__ +#include +#undef _res // Undefine _res macro to avoid conflicts with user code (#2278) +#endif +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +using socket_t = int; +#ifndef INVALID_SOCKET +#define INVALID_SOCKET (-1) +#endif +#endif //_WIN32 + +#if defined(__APPLE__) +#include +#endif + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +// On macOS with a TLS backend, enable Keychain root certificates by default +// unless the user explicitly opts out. Not enabled on iOS/tvOS/watchOS since +// the SecTrustSettings APIs used to enumerate anchor certificates are macOS +// only; on those platforms the user must provide a CA bundle explicitly. +#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__clang__) && \ + !defined(CPPHTTPLIB_DISABLE_MACOSX_AUTOMATIC_ROOT_CERTIFICATES) && \ + (defined(CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT) || \ + defined(CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT) || \ + defined(CPPHTTPLIB_WOLFSSL_SUPPORT)) +#if TARGET_OS_OSX +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN +#define CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN +#endif +#endif +#endif + +#if defined(CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN) && \ + defined(__APPLE__) && !TARGET_OS_OSX +#error \ + "CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN is only supported on macOS. On iOS/tvOS/watchOS, supply a CA bundle via set_ca_cert_path()." +#endif + +// On Windows, enable Schannel certificate verification by default +// unless the user explicitly opts out. +#if defined(_WIN32) && \ + !defined(CPPHTTPLIB_DISABLE_WINDOWS_AUTOMATIC_ROOT_CERTIFICATES_UPDATE) +#define CPPHTTPLIB_WINDOWS_AUTOMATIC_ROOT_CERTIFICATES_UPDATE +#endif + +#if defined(CPPHTTPLIB_USE_NON_BLOCKING_GETADDRINFO) || \ + defined(CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN) +#if TARGET_OS_MAC && defined(__clang__) +#include +#include +#endif +#endif + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT +#ifdef _WIN32 +#include + +// these are defined in wincrypt.h and it breaks compilation if BoringSSL is +// used +#undef X509_NAME +#undef X509_CERT_PAIR +#undef X509_EXTENSIONS +#undef PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO + +#ifdef _MSC_VER +#pragma comment(lib, "crypt32.lib") +#endif +#endif // _WIN32 + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN +#if TARGET_OS_OSX +#include +#endif +#endif + +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(OPENSSL_USE_APPLINK) +#include +#endif + +#include +#include + +#if defined(OPENSSL_IS_BORINGSSL) || defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) +#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x1010107f +#error Please use OpenSSL or a current version of BoringSSL +#endif +#define SSL_get1_peer_certificate SSL_get_peer_certificate +#elif OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x30000000L +#error Sorry, OpenSSL versions prior to 3.0.0 are not supported +#endif + +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#ifdef _WIN32 +#include +#ifdef _MSC_VER +#pragma comment(lib, "crypt32.lib") +#endif +#endif // _WIN32 +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN +#if TARGET_OS_OSX +#include +#endif +#endif + +// Mbed TLS 3.x API compatibility +#if MBEDTLS_VERSION_MAJOR >= 3 +#define CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_V3 +#endif + +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_WOLFSSL_SUPPORT +#include + +#include + +// Fallback definitions for older wolfSSL versions (e.g., 5.6.6) +#ifndef WOLFSSL_GEN_EMAIL +#define WOLFSSL_GEN_EMAIL 1 +#endif +#ifndef WOLFSSL_GEN_DNS +#define WOLFSSL_GEN_DNS 2 +#endif +#ifndef WOLFSSL_GEN_URI +#define WOLFSSL_GEN_URI 6 +#endif +#ifndef WOLFSSL_GEN_IPADD +#define WOLFSSL_GEN_IPADD 7 +#endif + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#ifdef _WIN32 +#include +#ifdef _MSC_VER +#pragma comment(lib, "crypt32.lib") +#endif +#endif // _WIN32 +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN +#if TARGET_OS_OSX +#include +#endif +#endif +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_WOLFSSL_SUPPORT + +// Define CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED if any SSL backend is available +#if defined(CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT) || \ + defined(CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT) || defined(CPPHTTPLIB_WOLFSSL_SUPPORT) +#define CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED +#endif + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT +#include +#endif + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT +#include +#include +#endif + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT +#include +#endif + +/* + * Declaration + */ +namespace httplib { + +namespace ws { +class WebSocket; +} // namespace ws + +namespace detail { + +/* + * Backport std::make_unique from C++14. + * + * NOTE: This code came up with the following stackoverflow post: + * https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10149840/c-arrays-and-make-unique + * + */ + +template +typename std::enable_if::value, std::unique_ptr>::type +make_unique(Args &&...args) { + return std::unique_ptr(new T(std::forward(args)...)); +} + +template +typename std::enable_if::value, std::unique_ptr>::type +make_unique(std::size_t n) { + typedef typename std::remove_extent::type RT; + return std::unique_ptr(new RT[n]); +} + +namespace case_ignore { + +inline unsigned char to_lower(int c) { + const static unsigned char table[256] = { + 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, + 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, + 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, + 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, + 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, + 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, + 122, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, + 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, + 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, + 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, + 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, + 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, + 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 224, 225, 226, + 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, + 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 215, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 223, 224, + 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, + 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, + 255, + }; + return table[(unsigned char)(char)c]; +} + +inline std::string to_lower(const std::string &s) { + std::string result = s; + std::transform( + result.begin(), result.end(), result.begin(), + [](unsigned char c) { return static_cast(to_lower(c)); }); + return result; +} + +inline bool equal(const std::string &a, const std::string &b) { + return a.size() == b.size() && + std::equal(a.begin(), a.end(), b.begin(), [](char ca, char cb) { + return to_lower(ca) == to_lower(cb); + }); +} + +struct equal_to { + bool operator()(const std::string &a, const std::string &b) const { + return equal(a, b); + } +}; + +struct hash { + size_t operator()(const std::string &key) const { + return hash_core(key.data(), key.size(), 0); + } + + size_t hash_core(const char *s, size_t l, size_t h) const { + return (l == 0) ? h + : hash_core(s + 1, l - 1, + // Unsets the 6 high bits of h, therefore no + // overflow happens + (((std::numeric_limits::max)() >> 6) & + h * 33) ^ + static_cast(to_lower(*s))); + } +}; + +template +using unordered_set = std::unordered_set; + +} // namespace case_ignore + +// This is based on +// "http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2014/n4189". + +struct scope_exit { + explicit scope_exit(std::function &&f) + : exit_function(std::move(f)), execute_on_destruction{true} {} + + scope_exit(scope_exit &&rhs) noexcept + : exit_function(std::move(rhs.exit_function)), + execute_on_destruction{rhs.execute_on_destruction} { + rhs.release(); + } + + ~scope_exit() { + if (execute_on_destruction) { this->exit_function(); } + } + + void release() { this->execute_on_destruction = false; } + +private: + scope_exit(const scope_exit &) = delete; + void operator=(const scope_exit &) = delete; + scope_exit &operator=(scope_exit &&) = delete; + + std::function exit_function; + bool execute_on_destruction; +}; + +// Simple from_chars implementation for integer and double types (C++17 +// substitute) +template struct from_chars_result { + const char *ptr; + std::errc ec; +}; + +template +inline from_chars_result from_chars(const char *first, const char *last, + T &value, int base = 10) { + value = 0; + const char *p = first; + bool negative = false; + + if (p != last && *p == '-') { + negative = true; + ++p; + } + if (p == last) { return {first, std::errc::invalid_argument}; } + + T result = 0; + for (; p != last; ++p) { + char c = *p; + int digit = -1; + if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') { + digit = c - '0'; + } else if ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') { + digit = c - 'a' + 10; + } else if ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') { + digit = c - 'A' + 10; + } else { + break; + } + + if (digit < 0 || digit >= base) { break; } + if (result > ((std::numeric_limits::max)() - digit) / base) { + return {p, std::errc::result_out_of_range}; + } + result = result * base + digit; + } + + if (p == first || (negative && p == first + 1)) { + return {first, std::errc::invalid_argument}; + } + + value = negative ? -result : result; + return {p, std::errc{}}; +} + +// from_chars for double (hand-written, locale-independent) +// +// The only double consumed by this library is the HTTP quality value, whose +// grammar is (RFC 9110 12.4.2): +// qvalue = ( "0" [ "." 0*3DIGIT ] ) / ( "1" [ "." 0*3("0") ] ) +// i.e. a non-negative decimal with no sign, exponent, "inf"/"nan", or wide +// magnitude. So this parser recognizes exactly 1*DIGIT [ "." *DIGIT ] with +// '.' always the decimal separator (std::strtod would instead read it from the +// global C locale, mis-parsing q-values once an embedder calls +// setlocale(LC_ALL, "") into a comma-decimal locale). The caller range-checks +// the result to [0, 1], so inputs outside that range need not be distinguished +// here. Allocation-free, single pass, and free of the overflow/rounding edge +// cases that exponent and wide-range handling would introduce. +inline from_chars_result from_chars(const char *first, const char *last, + double &value) { + value = 0.0; + const char *p = first; + + // Each 1eN is exactly representable, so a single final division by the + // matching entry yields a correctly-rounded result. + static const double powers_of_ten[] = { + 1e0, 1e1, 1e2, 1e3, 1e4, 1e5, 1e6, 1e7, 1e8, 1e9, + 1e10, 1e11, 1e12, 1e13, 1e14, 1e15, 1e16, 1e17, 1e18}; + const int max_frac_digits = + static_cast(sizeof(powers_of_ten) / sizeof(powers_of_ten[0])) - 1; + + // Accumulate digits into a 64-bit integer and remember how many were + // fractional. Two independent caps keep this bounded and safe: + // * accumulation saturates before mantissa could overflow uint64_t, and + // * frac_digits is capped at max_frac_digits so it is always a valid index + // into powers_of_ten (without this an input like "0.000...0" would never + // grow mantissa, so the saturation cap alone would not bound it). + // Both caps only drop digits far beyond the precision a q-value needs; any + // value they would change is well outside [0, 1] and rejected by the caller. + uint64_t mantissa = 0; + int frac_digits = 0; + bool seen_digit = false; + + const uint64_t limit = ((std::numeric_limits::max)() - 9) / 10; + auto accumulate = [&](char c) { + if (mantissa <= limit) { + mantissa = mantissa * 10 + static_cast(c - '0'); + return true; + } + return false; + }; + + for (; p != last && '0' <= *p && *p <= '9'; ++p) { + seen_digit = true; + accumulate(*p); + } + + if (p != last && *p == '.') { + ++p; + for (; p != last && '0' <= *p && *p <= '9'; ++p) { + seen_digit = true; + if (frac_digits < max_frac_digits && accumulate(*p)) { ++frac_digits; } + } + } + + if (!seen_digit) { return {first, std::errc::invalid_argument}; } + + value = static_cast(mantissa) / powers_of_ten[frac_digits]; + return {p, std::errc{}}; +} + +inline bool parse_port(const char *s, size_t len, int &port) { + int val = 0; + auto r = from_chars(s, s + len, val); + if (r.ec != std::errc{} || val < 1 || val > 65535) { return false; } + port = val; + return true; +} + +inline bool parse_port(const std::string &s, int &port) { + return parse_port(s.data(), s.size(), port); +} + +struct UrlComponents { + std::string scheme; + std::string host; + std::string port; + std::string path; + std::string query; +}; + +inline bool parse_url(const std::string &url, UrlComponents &uc) { + uc = {}; + size_t pos = 0; + + auto sep = url.find("://"); + if (sep != std::string::npos) { + uc.scheme = url.substr(0, sep); + + // Scheme must be [a-z]+ only + if (uc.scheme.empty()) { return false; } + for (auto c : uc.scheme) { + if (c < 'a' || c > 'z') { return false; } + } + + pos = sep + 3; + } else if (url.compare(0, 2, "//") == 0) { + pos = 2; + } + + auto has_authority_prefix = pos > 0; + auto has_authority = has_authority_prefix || (!url.empty() && url[0] != '/' && + url[0] != '?' && url[0] != '#'); + if (has_authority) { + if (pos < url.size() && url[pos] == '[') { + auto close = url.find(']', pos); + if (close == std::string::npos) { return false; } + uc.host = url.substr(pos + 1, close - pos - 1); + + // IPv6 host must be [a-fA-F0-9:]+ only + if (uc.host.empty()) { return false; } + for (auto c : uc.host) { + if (!((c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') || + (c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == ':')) { + return false; + } + } + + pos = close + 1; + } else { + auto end = url.find_first_of(":/?#", pos); + if (end == std::string::npos) { end = url.size(); } + uc.host = url.substr(pos, end - pos); + pos = end; + } + + if (pos < url.size() && url[pos] == ':') { + ++pos; + auto end = url.find_first_of("/?#", pos); + if (end == std::string::npos) { end = url.size(); } + uc.port = url.substr(pos, end - pos); + pos = end; + } + + // Without :// or //, the entire input must be consumed as host[:port]. + // If there is leftover (path, query, etc.), this is not a valid + // host[:port] string — clear and reparse as a plain path. + if (!has_authority_prefix && pos < url.size()) { + uc.host.clear(); + uc.port.clear(); + pos = 0; + } + } + + if (pos < url.size() && url[pos] != '?' && url[pos] != '#') { + auto end = url.find_first_of("?#", pos); + if (end == std::string::npos) { end = url.size(); } + uc.path = url.substr(pos, end - pos); + pos = end; + } + + if (pos < url.size() && url[pos] == '?') { + auto end = url.find('#', pos); + if (end == std::string::npos) { end = url.size(); } + uc.query = url.substr(pos, end - pos); + } + + return true; +} + +} // namespace detail + +enum class SSLVerifierResponse { + // no decision has been made, use the built-in certificate verifier + NoDecisionMade, + // connection certificate is verified and accepted + CertificateAccepted, + // connection certificate was processed but is rejected + CertificateRejected +}; + +// System CA loading policy for SSL clients. Auto (the default) loads system +// CA certs only when no custom CA is configured; enable_system_ca() switches +// to an explicit policy. +enum class SystemCAMode { Auto, Enabled, Disabled }; + +enum StatusCode { + // Information responses + Continue_100 = 100, + SwitchingProtocol_101 = 101, + Processing_102 = 102, + EarlyHints_103 = 103, + + // Successful responses + OK_200 = 200, + Created_201 = 201, + Accepted_202 = 202, + NonAuthoritativeInformation_203 = 203, + NoContent_204 = 204, + ResetContent_205 = 205, + PartialContent_206 = 206, + MultiStatus_207 = 207, + AlreadyReported_208 = 208, + IMUsed_226 = 226, + + // Redirection messages + MultipleChoices_300 = 300, + MovedPermanently_301 = 301, + Found_302 = 302, + SeeOther_303 = 303, + NotModified_304 = 304, + UseProxy_305 = 305, + unused_306 = 306, + TemporaryRedirect_307 = 307, + PermanentRedirect_308 = 308, + + // Client error responses + BadRequest_400 = 400, + Unauthorized_401 = 401, + PaymentRequired_402 = 402, + Forbidden_403 = 403, + NotFound_404 = 404, + MethodNotAllowed_405 = 405, + NotAcceptable_406 = 406, + ProxyAuthenticationRequired_407 = 407, + RequestTimeout_408 = 408, + Conflict_409 = 409, + Gone_410 = 410, + LengthRequired_411 = 411, + PreconditionFailed_412 = 412, + PayloadTooLarge_413 = 413, + UriTooLong_414 = 414, + UnsupportedMediaType_415 = 415, + RangeNotSatisfiable_416 = 416, + ExpectationFailed_417 = 417, + ImATeapot_418 = 418, + MisdirectedRequest_421 = 421, + UnprocessableContent_422 = 422, + Locked_423 = 423, + FailedDependency_424 = 424, + TooEarly_425 = 425, + UpgradeRequired_426 = 426, + PreconditionRequired_428 = 428, + TooManyRequests_429 = 429, + RequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge_431 = 431, + UnavailableForLegalReasons_451 = 451, + + // Server error responses + InternalServerError_500 = 500, + NotImplemented_501 = 501, + BadGateway_502 = 502, + ServiceUnavailable_503 = 503, + GatewayTimeout_504 = 504, + HttpVersionNotSupported_505 = 505, + VariantAlsoNegotiates_506 = 506, + InsufficientStorage_507 = 507, + LoopDetected_508 = 508, + NotExtended_510 = 510, + NetworkAuthenticationRequired_511 = 511, +}; + +using Headers = + std::unordered_multimap; + +using Params = std::multimap; +using Match = std::smatch; + +using DownloadProgress = std::function; +using UploadProgress = std::function; + +/* + * detail: type-erased storage used by UserData. + * ABI-stable regardless of C++ standard — always uses this custom + * implementation instead of std::any. + */ +namespace detail { + +using any_type_id = const void *; + +template any_type_id any_typeid() noexcept { + static const char id = 0; + return &id; +} + +struct any_storage { + virtual ~any_storage() = default; + virtual std::unique_ptr clone() const = 0; + virtual any_type_id type_id() const noexcept = 0; +}; + +template struct any_value final : any_storage { + T value; + template explicit any_value(U &&v) : value(std::forward(v)) {} + std::unique_ptr clone() const override { + return std::unique_ptr(new any_value(value)); + } + any_type_id type_id() const noexcept override { return any_typeid(); } +}; + +} // namespace detail + +class UserData { +public: + UserData() = default; + UserData(UserData &&) noexcept = default; + UserData &operator=(UserData &&) noexcept = default; + + UserData(const UserData &o) { + for (const auto &e : o.entries_) { + if (e.second) { entries_[e.first] = e.second->clone(); } + } + } + + UserData &operator=(const UserData &o) { + if (this != &o) { + entries_.clear(); + for (const auto &e : o.entries_) { + if (e.second) { entries_[e.first] = e.second->clone(); } + } + } + return *this; + } + + template void set(const std::string &key, T &&value) { + using D = typename std::decay::type; + entries_[key].reset(new detail::any_value(std::forward(value))); + } + + template T *get(const std::string &key) noexcept { + auto it = entries_.find(key); + if (it == entries_.end() || !it->second) { return nullptr; } + if (it->second->type_id() != detail::any_typeid()) { return nullptr; } + return &static_cast *>(it->second.get())->value; + } + + template const T *get(const std::string &key) const noexcept { + auto it = entries_.find(key); + if (it == entries_.end() || !it->second) { return nullptr; } + if (it->second->type_id() != detail::any_typeid()) { return nullptr; } + return &static_cast *>(it->second.get())->value; + } + + bool has(const std::string &key) const noexcept { + return entries_.find(key) != entries_.end(); + } + + void erase(const std::string &key) { entries_.erase(key); } + + void clear() noexcept { entries_.clear(); } + +private: + std::unordered_map> + entries_; +}; + +struct Response; +using ResponseHandler = std::function; + +struct FormData { + std::string name; + std::string content; + std::string filename; + std::string content_type; + Headers headers; +}; + +struct FormField { + std::string name; + std::string content; + Headers headers; +}; +using FormFields = std::multimap; + +using FormFiles = std::multimap; + +struct MultipartFormData { + FormFields fields; // Text fields from multipart + FormFiles files; // Files from multipart + + // Text field access + std::string get_field(const std::string &key, size_t id = 0) const; + std::vector get_fields(const std::string &key) const; + bool has_field(const std::string &key) const; + size_t get_field_count(const std::string &key) const; + + // File access + FormData get_file(const std::string &key, size_t id = 0) const; + std::vector get_files(const std::string &key) const; + bool has_file(const std::string &key) const; + size_t get_file_count(const std::string &key) const; +}; + +struct UploadFormData { + std::string name; + std::string content; + std::string filename; + std::string content_type; +}; +using UploadFormDataItems = std::vector; + +class DataSink { +public: + DataSink() : os(&sb_), sb_(*this) {} + + DataSink(const DataSink &) = delete; + DataSink &operator=(const DataSink &) = delete; + DataSink(DataSink &&) = delete; + DataSink &operator=(DataSink &&) = delete; + + std::function write; + std::function is_writable; + std::function done; + std::function done_with_trailer; + std::ostream os; + +private: + class data_sink_streambuf final : public std::streambuf { + public: + explicit data_sink_streambuf(DataSink &sink) : sink_(sink) {} + + protected: + std::streamsize xsputn(const char *s, std::streamsize n) override { + if (sink_.write(s, static_cast(n))) { return n; } + return 0; + } + + private: + DataSink &sink_; + }; + + data_sink_streambuf sb_; +}; + +using ContentProvider = + std::function; + +using ContentProviderWithoutLength = + std::function; + +using ContentProviderResourceReleaser = std::function; + +struct FormDataProvider { + std::string name; + ContentProviderWithoutLength provider; + std::string filename; + std::string content_type; +}; +using FormDataProviderItems = std::vector; + +inline FormDataProvider +make_file_provider(const std::string &name, const std::string &filepath, + const std::string &filename = std::string(), + const std::string &content_type = std::string()) { + FormDataProvider fdp; + fdp.name = name; + fdp.filename = filename.empty() ? filepath : filename; + fdp.content_type = content_type; + fdp.provider = [filepath](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) -> bool { + std::ifstream f(filepath, std::ios::binary); + if (!f) { return false; } + if (offset > 0) { + f.seekg(static_cast(offset)); + if (!f.good()) { + sink.done(); + return true; + } + } + char buf[8192]; + f.read(buf, sizeof(buf)); + auto n = static_cast(f.gcount()); + if (n > 0) { return sink.write(buf, n); } + sink.done(); // EOF + return true; + }; + return fdp; +} + +inline std::pair +make_file_body(const std::string &filepath) { + size_t size = 0; + { + std::ifstream f(filepath, std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); + if (!f) { return {0, ContentProvider{}}; } + size = static_cast(f.tellg()); + } + + ContentProvider provider = [filepath](size_t offset, size_t length, + DataSink &sink) -> bool { + std::ifstream f(filepath, std::ios::binary); + if (!f) { return false; } + f.seekg(static_cast(offset)); + if (!f.good()) { return false; } + char buf[8192]; + while (length > 0) { + auto to_read = (std::min)(sizeof(buf), length); + f.read(buf, static_cast(to_read)); + auto n = static_cast(f.gcount()); + if (n == 0) { break; } + if (!sink.write(buf, n)) { return false; } + length -= n; + } + return true; + }; + return {size, std::move(provider)}; +} + +using ContentReceiverWithProgress = std::function; + +using ContentReceiver = + std::function; + +using FormDataHeader = std::function; + +class ContentReader { +public: + using Reader = std::function; + using FormDataReader = + std::function; + + ContentReader(Reader reader, FormDataReader multipart_reader) + : reader_(std::move(reader)), + formdata_reader_(std::move(multipart_reader)) {} + + bool operator()(FormDataHeader header, ContentReceiver receiver) const { + return formdata_reader_(std::move(header), std::move(receiver)); + } + + bool operator()(ContentReceiver receiver) const { + return reader_(std::move(receiver)); + } + + Reader reader_; + FormDataReader formdata_reader_; +}; + +using Range = std::pair; +using Ranges = std::vector; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED +// TLS abstraction layer - public type definitions and API +namespace tls { + +// Opaque handles (defined as void* for abstraction) +using ctx_t = void *; +using session_t = void *; +using const_session_t = const void *; // For read-only session access +using cert_t = void *; +using ca_store_t = void *; + +// TLS versions +enum class Version { + TLS1_2 = 0x0303, + TLS1_3 = 0x0304, +}; + +// Subject Alternative Names (SAN) entry types +enum class SanType { DNS, IP, EMAIL, URI, OTHER }; + +// SAN entry structure +struct SanEntry { + SanType type; + std::string value; +}; + +// Verification context for certificate verification callback +struct VerifyContext { + session_t session; // TLS session handle + cert_t cert; // Current certificate being verified + int depth; // Certificate chain depth (0 = leaf) + bool preverify_ok; // OpenSSL/Mbed TLS pre-verification result + long error_code; // Backend-specific error code (0 = no error) + const char *error_string; // Human-readable error description + + // Certificate introspection methods + std::string subject_cn() const; + std::string issuer_name() const; + bool check_hostname(const char *hostname) const; + std::vector sans() const; + bool validity(time_t ¬_before, time_t ¬_after) const; + std::string serial() const; +}; + +using VerifyCallback = std::function; + +// TlsError codes for TLS operations (backend-independent) +enum class ErrorCode : int { + Success = 0, + WantRead, // Non-blocking: need to wait for read + WantWrite, // Non-blocking: need to wait for write + PeerClosed, // Peer closed the connection + Fatal, // Unrecoverable error + SyscallError, // System call error (check sys_errno) + CertVerifyFailed, // Certificate verification failed + HostnameMismatch, // Hostname verification failed +}; + +// TLS error information +struct TlsError { + ErrorCode code = ErrorCode::Fatal; + uint64_t backend_code = 0; // OpenSSL: ERR_get_error(), mbedTLS: return value + int sys_errno = 0; // errno when SyscallError + + // Convert verification error code to human-readable string + static std::string verify_error_to_string(long error_code); +}; + +// RAII wrapper for peer certificate +class PeerCert { +public: + PeerCert(); + PeerCert(PeerCert &&other) noexcept; + PeerCert &operator=(PeerCert &&other) noexcept; + ~PeerCert(); + + PeerCert(const PeerCert &) = delete; + PeerCert &operator=(const PeerCert &) = delete; + + explicit operator bool() const; + std::string subject_cn() const; + std::string issuer_name() const; + bool check_hostname(const char *hostname) const; + std::vector sans() const; + bool validity(time_t ¬_before, time_t ¬_after) const; + std::string serial() const; + +private: + explicit PeerCert(cert_t cert); + cert_t cert_ = nullptr; + friend PeerCert get_peer_cert_from_session(const_session_t session); +}; + +// Callback for TLS context setup (used by SSLServer constructor) +using ContextSetupCallback = std::function; + +} // namespace tls +#endif + +struct Request { + std::string method; + std::string path; + std::string matched_route; + Params params; + Headers headers; + Headers trailers; + std::string body; + + std::string remote_addr; + int remote_port = -1; + std::string local_addr; + int local_port = -1; + + // for server + std::string version; + std::string target; + MultipartFormData form; + Ranges ranges; + Match matches; + std::unordered_map path_params; + std::function is_connection_closed = []() { return true; }; + + // for client + std::vector accept_content_types; + ResponseHandler response_handler; + ContentReceiverWithProgress content_receiver; + DownloadProgress download_progress; + UploadProgress upload_progress; + + bool has_header(const std::string &key) const; + std::string get_header_value(const std::string &key, const char *def = "", + size_t id = 0) const; + size_t get_header_value_u64(const std::string &key, size_t def = 0, + size_t id = 0) const; + size_t get_header_value_count(const std::string &key) const; + void set_header(const std::string &key, const std::string &val); + + bool has_trailer(const std::string &key) const; + std::string get_trailer_value(const std::string &key, size_t id = 0) const; + size_t get_trailer_value_count(const std::string &key) const; + + bool has_param(const std::string &key) const; + std::string get_param_value(const std::string &key, size_t id = 0) const; + std::vector get_param_values(const std::string &key) const; + size_t get_param_value_count(const std::string &key) const; + + bool is_multipart_form_data() const; + + // private members... + bool body_consumed_ = false; + size_t redirect_count_ = CPPHTTPLIB_REDIRECT_MAX_COUNT; + size_t content_length_ = 0; + ContentProvider content_provider_; + bool is_chunked_content_provider_ = false; + size_t authorization_count_ = 0; + std::chrono::time_point start_time_ = + (std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point::min)(); + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + tls::const_session_t ssl = nullptr; + tls::PeerCert peer_cert() const; + std::string sni() const; +#endif +}; + +struct Response { + std::string version; + int status = -1; + std::string reason; + Headers headers; + Headers trailers; + std::string body; + std::string location; // Redirect location + + // User-defined context — set by pre-routing/pre-request handlers and read + // by route handlers to pass arbitrary data (e.g. decoded auth tokens). + UserData user_data; + + bool has_header(const std::string &key) const; + std::string get_header_value(const std::string &key, const char *def = "", + size_t id = 0) const; + size_t get_header_value_u64(const std::string &key, size_t def = 0, + size_t id = 0) const; + size_t get_header_value_count(const std::string &key) const; + void set_header(const std::string &key, const std::string &val); + + bool has_trailer(const std::string &key) const; + std::string get_trailer_value(const std::string &key, size_t id = 0) const; + size_t get_trailer_value_count(const std::string &key) const; + + void set_redirect(const std::string &url, int status = StatusCode::Found_302); + void set_content(const char *s, size_t n, const std::string &content_type); + void set_content(const std::string &s, const std::string &content_type); + void set_content(std::string &&s, const std::string &content_type); + + void set_content_provider( + size_t length, const std::string &content_type, ContentProvider provider, + ContentProviderResourceReleaser resource_releaser = nullptr); + + void set_content_provider( + const std::string &content_type, ContentProviderWithoutLength provider, + ContentProviderResourceReleaser resource_releaser = nullptr); + + void set_chunked_content_provider( + const std::string &content_type, ContentProviderWithoutLength provider, + ContentProviderResourceReleaser resource_releaser = nullptr); + + void set_file_content(const std::string &path, + const std::string &content_type); + void set_file_content(const std::string &path); + + Response() = default; + Response(const Response &) = default; + Response &operator=(const Response &) = default; + Response(Response &&) = default; + Response &operator=(Response &&) = default; + ~Response() { + if (content_provider_resource_releaser_) { + content_provider_resource_releaser_(content_provider_success_); + } + } + + // private members... + size_t content_length_ = 0; + ContentProvider content_provider_; + ContentProviderResourceReleaser content_provider_resource_releaser_; + bool is_chunked_content_provider_ = false; + bool content_provider_success_ = false; + std::string file_content_path_; + std::string file_content_content_type_; +}; + +enum class Error { + Success = 0, + Unknown, + Connection, + BindIPAddress, + Read, + Write, + ExceedRedirectCount, + Canceled, + SSLConnection, + SSLLoadingCerts, + SSLServerVerification, + SSLServerHostnameVerification, + UnsupportedMultipartBoundaryChars, + Compression, + ConnectionTimeout, + ProxyConnection, + ConnectionClosed, + Timeout, + ResourceExhaustion, + TooManyFormDataFiles, + ExceedMaxPayloadSize, + ExceedUriMaxLength, + ExceedMaxSocketDescriptorCount, + InvalidRequestLine, + InvalidHTTPMethod, + InvalidHTTPVersion, + InvalidHeaders, + MultipartParsing, + OpenFile, + Listen, + GetSockName, + UnsupportedAddressFamily, + HTTPParsing, + InvalidRangeHeader, + + // For internal use only + SSLPeerCouldBeClosed_, +}; + +std::string to_string(Error error); + +std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Error &obj); + +class Stream { +public: + virtual ~Stream() = default; + + virtual bool is_readable() const = 0; + virtual bool wait_readable() const = 0; + virtual bool wait_writable() const = 0; + virtual bool is_peer_alive() const { return wait_writable(); } + + virtual ssize_t read(char *ptr, size_t size) = 0; + virtual ssize_t write(const char *ptr, size_t size) = 0; + virtual void get_remote_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, int &port) const = 0; + virtual void get_local_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, int &port) const = 0; + virtual socket_t socket() const = 0; + + virtual time_t duration() const = 0; + + virtual void set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0) { + (void)sec; + (void)usec; + } + + ssize_t write(const char *ptr); + ssize_t write(const std::string &s); + + Error get_error() const { return error_; } + +protected: + Error error_ = Error::Success; +}; + +class TaskQueue { +public: + TaskQueue() = default; + virtual ~TaskQueue() = default; + + virtual bool enqueue(std::function fn) = 0; + virtual void shutdown() = 0; + + virtual void on_idle() {} +}; + +class ThreadPool final : public TaskQueue { +public: + explicit ThreadPool(size_t n, size_t max_n = 0, size_t mqr = 0); + ThreadPool(const ThreadPool &) = delete; + ~ThreadPool() override = default; + + bool enqueue(std::function fn) override; + void shutdown() override; + +private: + void worker(bool is_dynamic); + void move_to_finished(std::thread::id id); + void cleanup_finished_threads(); + + size_t base_thread_count_; + size_t max_thread_count_; + size_t max_queued_requests_; + size_t idle_thread_count_; + + bool shutdown_; + + std::list> jobs_; + std::vector threads_; // base threads + std::list dynamic_threads_; // dynamic threads + std::vector + finished_threads_; // exited dynamic threads awaiting join + + std::condition_variable cond_; + std::mutex mutex_; +}; + +using Logger = std::function; + +// Forward declaration for Error type +enum class Error; +using ErrorLogger = std::function; + +using SocketOptions = std::function; + +void default_socket_options(socket_t sock); + +bool set_socket_opt(socket_t sock, int level, int optname, int optval); + +const char *status_message(int status); + +std::string to_string(Error error); + +std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Error &obj); + +std::string get_bearer_token_auth(const Request &req); + +namespace detail { + +class MatcherBase { +public: + MatcherBase(std::string pattern) : pattern_(std::move(pattern)) {} + virtual ~MatcherBase() = default; + + const std::string &pattern() const { return pattern_; } + + // Match request path and populate its matches and + virtual bool match(Request &request) const = 0; + +private: + std::string pattern_; +}; + +/** + * Captures parameters in request path and stores them in Request::path_params + * + * Capture name is a substring of a pattern from : to /. + * The rest of the pattern is matched against the request path directly + * Parameters are captured starting from the next character after + * the end of the last matched static pattern fragment until the next /. + * + * Example pattern: + * "/path/fragments/:capture/more/fragments/:second_capture" + * Static fragments: + * "/path/fragments/", "more/fragments/" + * + * Given the following request path: + * "/path/fragments/:1/more/fragments/:2" + * the resulting capture will be + * {{"capture", "1"}, {"second_capture", "2"}} + */ +class PathParamsMatcher final : public MatcherBase { +public: + PathParamsMatcher(const std::string &pattern); + + bool match(Request &request) const override; + +private: + // Treat segment separators as the end of path parameter capture + // Does not need to handle query parameters as they are parsed before path + // matching + static constexpr char separator = '/'; + + // Contains static path fragments to match against, excluding the '/' after + // path params + // Fragments are separated by path params + std::vector static_fragments_; + // Stores the names of the path parameters to be used as keys in the + // Request::path_params map + std::vector param_names_; +}; + +/** + * Performs std::regex_match on request path + * and stores the result in Request::matches + * + * Note that regex match is performed directly on the whole request. + * This means that wildcard patterns may match multiple path segments with /: + * "/begin/(.*)/end" will match both "/begin/middle/end" and "/begin/1/2/end". + */ +class RegexMatcher final : public MatcherBase { +public: + RegexMatcher(const std::string &pattern) + : MatcherBase(pattern), regex_(pattern) {} + + bool match(Request &request) const override; + +private: + std::regex regex_; +}; + +int close_socket(socket_t sock) noexcept; + +ssize_t write_headers(Stream &strm, const Headers &headers); + +bool set_socket_opt_time(socket_t sock, int level, int optname, time_t sec, + time_t usec); + +size_t get_multipart_content_length(const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const std::string &boundary); + +ContentProvider +make_multipart_content_provider(const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const std::string &boundary); + +} // namespace detail + +class Server { +public: + using Handler = std::function; + + using ExceptionHandler = + std::function; + + enum class HandlerResponse { + Handled, + Unhandled, + }; + using HandlerWithResponse = + std::function; + + using HandlerWithContentReader = std::function; + + using Expect100ContinueHandler = + std::function; + + using StartHandler = std::function; + + using WebSocketHandler = + std::function; + using SubProtocolSelector = + std::function &protocols)>; + + Server(); + + virtual ~Server(); + + virtual bool is_valid() const; + + Server &Get(const std::string &pattern, Handler handler); + Server &Post(const std::string &pattern, Handler handler); + Server &Post(const std::string &pattern, HandlerWithContentReader handler); + Server &Put(const std::string &pattern, Handler handler); + Server &Put(const std::string &pattern, HandlerWithContentReader handler); + Server &Patch(const std::string &pattern, Handler handler); + Server &Patch(const std::string &pattern, HandlerWithContentReader handler); + Server &Delete(const std::string &pattern, Handler handler); + Server &Delete(const std::string &pattern, HandlerWithContentReader handler); + Server &Options(const std::string &pattern, Handler handler); + + Server &WebSocket(const std::string &pattern, WebSocketHandler handler); + Server &WebSocket(const std::string &pattern, WebSocketHandler handler, + SubProtocolSelector sub_protocol_selector); + + bool set_base_dir(const std::string &dir, + const std::string &mount_point = std::string()); + bool set_mount_point(const std::string &mount_point, const std::string &dir, + Headers headers = Headers()); + bool remove_mount_point(const std::string &mount_point); + Server &set_file_extension_and_mimetype_mapping(const std::string &ext, + const std::string &mime); + Server &set_default_file_mimetype(const std::string &mime); + Server &set_file_request_handler(Handler handler); + + template + Server &set_error_handler(ErrorHandlerFunc &&handler) { + return set_error_handler_core( + std::forward(handler), + std::is_convertible{}); + } + + Server &set_exception_handler(ExceptionHandler handler); + + Server &set_pre_routing_handler(HandlerWithResponse handler); + Server &set_post_routing_handler(Handler handler); + + Server &set_pre_request_handler(HandlerWithResponse handler); + + Server &set_expect_100_continue_handler(Expect100ContinueHandler handler); + + Server &set_start_handler(StartHandler handler); + + Server &set_logger(Logger logger); + Server &set_pre_compression_logger(Logger logger); + Server &set_error_logger(ErrorLogger error_logger); + + Server &set_address_family(int family); + Server &set_tcp_nodelay(bool on); + Server &set_ipv6_v6only(bool on); + Server &set_socket_options(SocketOptions socket_options); + + Server &set_default_headers(Headers headers); + Server & + set_header_writer(std::function const &writer); + + Server &set_trusted_proxies(const std::vector &proxies); + + Server &set_keep_alive_max_count(size_t count); + Server &set_keep_alive_timeout(time_t sec); + template + Server & + set_keep_alive_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + Server &set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0); + template + Server &set_read_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + Server &set_write_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0); + template + Server &set_write_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + Server &set_idle_interval(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0); + template + Server &set_idle_interval(const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + Server &set_payload_max_length(size_t length); + + Server &set_websocket_ping_interval(time_t sec); + template + Server &set_websocket_ping_interval( + const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + Server &set_websocket_max_missed_pongs(int count); + + bool bind_to_port(const std::string &host, int port, int socket_flags = 0); + int bind_to_any_port(const std::string &host, int socket_flags = 0); + bool listen_after_bind(); + + bool listen(const std::string &host, int port, int socket_flags = 0); + + bool is_running() const; + void wait_until_ready() const; + void stop() noexcept; + void decommission(); + + std::function new_task_queue; + +protected: + bool process_request(Stream &strm, const std::string &remote_addr, + int remote_port, const std::string &local_addr, + int local_port, bool close_connection, + bool &connection_closed, + const std::function &setup_request, + bool *websocket_upgraded = nullptr); + + std::atomic svr_sock_{INVALID_SOCKET}; + + std::vector trusted_proxies_; + + size_t keep_alive_max_count_ = CPPHTTPLIB_KEEPALIVE_MAX_COUNT; + time_t keep_alive_timeout_sec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_SECOND; + time_t read_timeout_sec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_SERVER_READ_TIMEOUT_SECOND; + time_t read_timeout_usec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_SERVER_READ_TIMEOUT_USECOND; + time_t write_timeout_sec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_SERVER_WRITE_TIMEOUT_SECOND; + time_t write_timeout_usec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_SERVER_WRITE_TIMEOUT_USECOND; + time_t idle_interval_sec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_IDLE_INTERVAL_SECOND; + time_t idle_interval_usec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_IDLE_INTERVAL_USECOND; + size_t payload_max_length_ = CPPHTTPLIB_PAYLOAD_MAX_LENGTH; + time_t websocket_ping_interval_sec_ = + CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_PING_INTERVAL_SECOND; + int websocket_max_missed_pongs_ = CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_MISSED_PONGS; + +private: + using Handlers = + std::vector, Handler>>; + using HandlersForContentReader = + std::vector, + HandlerWithContentReader>>; + + static std::unique_ptr + make_matcher(const std::string &pattern); + + template + Server &add_handler( + std::vector, H>> &handlers, + const std::string &pattern, H handler) { + handlers.emplace_back(make_matcher(pattern), std::move(handler)); + return *this; + } + + Server &set_error_handler_core(HandlerWithResponse handler, std::true_type); + Server &set_error_handler_core(Handler handler, std::false_type); + + socket_t create_server_socket(const std::string &host, int port, + int socket_flags, + SocketOptions socket_options) const; + int bind_internal(const std::string &host, int port, int socket_flags); + bool listen_internal(); + + bool routing(Request &req, Response &res, Stream &strm); + bool handle_file_request(Request &req, Response &res); + bool check_if_not_modified(const Request &req, Response &res, + const std::string &etag, time_t mtime) const; + bool check_if_range(Request &req, const std::string &etag, + time_t mtime) const; + bool dispatch_request(Request &req, Response &res, const Handlers &handlers, + Stream &strm); + bool dispatch_request_for_content_reader( + Request &req, Response &res, ContentReader content_reader, + const HandlersForContentReader &handlers) const; + + bool parse_request_line(const char *s, Request &req) const; + void apply_ranges(const Request &req, Response &res, + std::string &content_type, std::string &boundary) const; + bool write_response(Stream &strm, bool close_connection, Request &req, + Response &res); + bool write_response_with_content(Stream &strm, bool close_connection, + const Request &req, Response &res); + bool write_response_core(Stream &strm, bool close_connection, + const Request &req, Response &res, + bool need_apply_ranges); + bool write_content_with_provider(Stream &strm, const Request &req, + Response &res, const std::string &boundary, + const std::string &content_type); + bool read_content(Stream &strm, Request &req, Response &res); + bool read_content_with_content_receiver(Stream &strm, Request &req, + Response &res, + ContentReceiver receiver, + FormDataHeader multipart_header, + ContentReceiver multipart_receiver); + bool read_content_core(Stream &strm, Request &req, Response &res, + ContentReceiver receiver, + FormDataHeader multipart_header, + ContentReceiver multipart_receiver) const; + + virtual bool process_and_close_socket(socket_t sock); + + void output_log(const Request &req, const Response &res) const; + void output_pre_compression_log(const Request &req, + const Response &res) const; + void output_error_log(const Error &err, const Request *req) const; + + std::atomic is_running_{false}; + std::atomic is_decommissioned{false}; + + struct MountPointEntry { + std::string mount_point; + std::string base_dir; + std::string resolved_base_dir; + Headers headers; + }; + std::vector base_dirs_; + std::map file_extension_and_mimetype_map_; + std::string default_file_mimetype_ = "application/octet-stream"; + Handler file_request_handler_; + + Handlers get_handlers_; + Handlers post_handlers_; + HandlersForContentReader post_handlers_for_content_reader_; + Handlers put_handlers_; + HandlersForContentReader put_handlers_for_content_reader_; + Handlers patch_handlers_; + HandlersForContentReader patch_handlers_for_content_reader_; + Handlers delete_handlers_; + HandlersForContentReader delete_handlers_for_content_reader_; + Handlers options_handlers_; + + struct WebSocketHandlerEntry { + std::unique_ptr matcher; + WebSocketHandler handler; + SubProtocolSelector sub_protocol_selector; + }; + using WebSocketHandlers = std::vector; + WebSocketHandlers websocket_handlers_; + + HandlerWithResponse error_handler_; + ExceptionHandler exception_handler_; + HandlerWithResponse pre_routing_handler_; + Handler post_routing_handler_; + HandlerWithResponse pre_request_handler_; + Expect100ContinueHandler expect_100_continue_handler_; + StartHandler start_handler_; + + mutable std::mutex logger_mutex_; + Logger logger_; + Logger pre_compression_logger_; + ErrorLogger error_logger_; + + int address_family_ = AF_UNSPEC; + bool tcp_nodelay_ = CPPHTTPLIB_TCP_NODELAY; + bool ipv6_v6only_ = CPPHTTPLIB_IPV6_V6ONLY; + SocketOptions socket_options_ = default_socket_options; + + Headers default_headers_; + std::function header_writer_ = + detail::write_headers; +}; + +class Result { +public: + Result() = default; + Result(std::unique_ptr &&res, Error err, + Headers &&request_headers = Headers{}) + : res_(std::move(res)), err_(err), + request_headers_(std::move(request_headers)) {} + // Response + operator bool() const { return res_ != nullptr; } + bool operator==(std::nullptr_t) const { return res_ == nullptr; } + bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t) const { return res_ != nullptr; } + const Response &value() const { return *res_; } + Response &value() { return *res_; } + const Response &operator*() const { return *res_; } + Response &operator*() { return *res_; } + const Response *operator->() const { return res_.get(); } + Response *operator->() { return res_.get(); } + + // Error + Error error() const { return err_; } + + // Request Headers + bool has_request_header(const std::string &key) const; + std::string get_request_header_value(const std::string &key, + const char *def = "", + size_t id = 0) const; + size_t get_request_header_value_u64(const std::string &key, size_t def = 0, + size_t id = 0) const; + size_t get_request_header_value_count(const std::string &key) const; + +private: + std::unique_ptr res_; + Error err_ = Error::Unknown; + Headers request_headers_; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED +public: + Result(std::unique_ptr &&res, Error err, Headers &&request_headers, + int ssl_error) + : res_(std::move(res)), err_(err), + request_headers_(std::move(request_headers)), ssl_error_(ssl_error) {} + Result(std::unique_ptr &&res, Error err, Headers &&request_headers, + int ssl_error, uint64_t ssl_backend_error) + : res_(std::move(res)), err_(err), + request_headers_(std::move(request_headers)), ssl_error_(ssl_error), + ssl_backend_error_(ssl_backend_error) {} + + int ssl_error() const { return ssl_error_; } + uint64_t ssl_backend_error() const { return ssl_backend_error_; } + +private: + int ssl_error_ = 0; + uint64_t ssl_backend_error_ = 0; +#endif +}; + +struct ClientConnection { + socket_t sock = INVALID_SOCKET; + + bool is_open() const { return sock != INVALID_SOCKET; } + + ClientConnection() = default; + + ~ClientConnection(); + + ClientConnection(const ClientConnection &) = delete; + ClientConnection &operator=(const ClientConnection &) = delete; + + ClientConnection(ClientConnection &&other) noexcept + : sock(other.sock) +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + , + session(other.session) +#endif + { + other.sock = INVALID_SOCKET; +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + other.session = nullptr; +#endif + } + + ClientConnection &operator=(ClientConnection &&other) noexcept { + if (this != &other) { + sock = other.sock; + other.sock = INVALID_SOCKET; +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + session = other.session; + other.session = nullptr; +#endif + } + return *this; + } + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + tls::session_t session = nullptr; +#endif +}; + +namespace detail { + +struct ChunkedDecoder; + +struct BodyReader { + Stream *stream = nullptr; + bool has_content_length = false; + size_t content_length = 0; + size_t payload_max_length = CPPHTTPLIB_PAYLOAD_MAX_LENGTH; + size_t bytes_read = 0; + bool chunked = false; + bool eof = false; + std::unique_ptr chunked_decoder; + Error last_error = Error::Success; + + ssize_t read(char *buf, size_t len); + bool has_error() const { return last_error != Error::Success; } +}; + +inline ssize_t read_body_content(Stream *stream, BodyReader &br, char *buf, + size_t len) { + (void)stream; + return br.read(buf, len); +} + +class decompressor; + +enum class NoProxyKind { + Wildcard, // "*" + HostnameSuffix, // "example.com" or ".example.com" + IPv4Cidr, // "10.0.0.0/8" (or single IP, treated as /32) + IPv6Cidr, // "fe80::/10" (or single IP, treated as /128) +}; + +// Unified 16-byte buffer holding either a v4 (first 4 bytes) or v6 address. +// Lets one CIDR matcher cover both families. +using IPBytes = std::array; + +struct NoProxyEntry { + NoProxyKind kind = NoProxyKind::Wildcard; + std::string hostname_pattern; // lowercased, leading/trailing dot stripped + IPBytes net{}; + int prefix_bits = 0; +}; + +struct NormalizedTarget { + std::string hostname; // lowercase; brackets and trailing dot removed + bool is_ipv4 = false; + bool is_ipv6 = false; + IPBytes ip{}; +}; + +} // namespace detail + +class ClientImpl { +public: + explicit ClientImpl(const std::string &host); + + explicit ClientImpl(const std::string &host, int port); + + explicit ClientImpl(const std::string &host, int port, + const std::string &client_cert_path, + const std::string &client_key_path); + + virtual ~ClientImpl(); + + virtual bool is_valid() const; + + struct StreamHandle { + std::unique_ptr response; + Error error = Error::Success; + + StreamHandle() = default; + StreamHandle(const StreamHandle &) = delete; + StreamHandle &operator=(const StreamHandle &) = delete; + StreamHandle(StreamHandle &&) = default; + StreamHandle &operator=(StreamHandle &&) = default; + ~StreamHandle() = default; + + bool is_valid() const { + return response != nullptr && error == Error::Success; + } + + ssize_t read(char *buf, size_t len); + void parse_trailers_if_needed(); + Error get_read_error() const { return body_reader_.last_error; } + bool has_read_error() const { return body_reader_.has_error(); } + + bool trailers_parsed_ = false; + + private: + friend class ClientImpl; + + ssize_t read_with_decompression(char *buf, size_t len); + + std::unique_ptr connection_; + std::unique_ptr socket_stream_; + Stream *stream_ = nullptr; + detail::BodyReader body_reader_; + + std::unique_ptr decompressor_; + std::string decompress_buffer_; + size_t decompress_offset_ = 0; + size_t decompressed_bytes_read_ = 0; + }; + + // clang-format off + Result Get(const std::string &path, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, ResponseHandler response_handler, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ResponseHandler response_handler, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, ResponseHandler response_handler, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + + Result Head(const std::string &path); + Result Head(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers); + + Result Post(const std::string &path); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const UploadFormDataItems &items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const Params ¶ms); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, const std::string &boundary, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + + Result Put(const std::string &path); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const UploadFormDataItems &items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const Params ¶ms); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, const std::string &boundary, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + + Result Patch(const std::string &path); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const UploadFormDataItems &items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const Params ¶ms); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, const std::string &boundary, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + + Result Delete(const std::string &path, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const Params ¶ms, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + + Result Options(const std::string &path); + Result Options(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers); + // clang-format on + + // Streaming API: Open a stream for reading response body incrementally + // Socket ownership is transferred to StreamHandle for true streaming + // Supports all HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, etc.) + StreamHandle open_stream(const std::string &method, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms = {}, + const Headers &headers = {}, + const std::string &body = {}, + const std::string &content_type = {}); + + bool send(Request &req, Response &res, Error &error); + Result send(const Request &req); + + void stop(); + + std::string host() const; + int port() const; + + size_t is_socket_open() const; + socket_t socket() const; + + void set_hostname_addr_map(std::map addr_map); + + void set_default_headers(Headers headers); + + void + set_header_writer(std::function const &writer); + + void set_address_family(int family); + void set_tcp_nodelay(bool on); + void set_ipv6_v6only(bool on); + void set_socket_options(SocketOptions socket_options); + + void set_connection_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0); + template + void + set_connection_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + void set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0); + template + void set_read_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + void set_write_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0); + template + void set_write_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + void set_max_timeout(time_t msec); + template + void set_max_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + void set_basic_auth(const std::string &username, const std::string &password); + void set_bearer_token_auth(const std::string &token); + + void set_keep_alive(bool on); + void set_follow_location(bool on); + + void set_path_encode(bool on); + + void set_compress(bool on); + + void set_decompress(bool on); + + void set_payload_max_length(size_t length); + + void set_interface(const std::string &intf); + + void set_proxy(const std::string &host, int port); + void set_proxy_basic_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password); + void set_proxy_bearer_token_auth(const std::string &token); + void set_no_proxy(const std::vector &patterns); + + void set_logger(Logger logger); + void set_error_logger(ErrorLogger error_logger); + +protected: + struct Socket { + socket_t sock = INVALID_SOCKET; + + // For Mbed TLS compatibility: start_time for request timeout tracking + std::chrono::time_point start_time_; + + bool is_open() const { return sock != INVALID_SOCKET; } + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + tls::session_t ssl = nullptr; +#endif + }; + + virtual bool create_and_connect_socket(Socket &socket, Error &error); + virtual bool ensure_socket_connection(Socket &socket, Error &error); + virtual bool setup_proxy_connection( + Socket &socket, + std::chrono::time_point start_time, + Response &res, bool &success, Error &error); + + bool is_proxy_enabled_for_host(const std::string &host) const; + + // All of: + // shutdown_ssl + // shutdown_socket + // close_socket + // disconnect + // should ONLY be called when socket_mutex_ is locked, and only when + // no other thread is using the socket. + virtual void shutdown_ssl(Socket &socket, bool shutdown_gracefully); + void shutdown_socket(Socket &socket) const; + void close_socket(Socket &socket); + void disconnect(bool gracefully); + + bool process_request(Stream &strm, Request &req, Response &res, + bool close_connection, Error &error); + + bool write_content_with_provider(Stream &strm, const Request &req, + Error &error) const; + + void copy_settings(const ClientImpl &rhs); + + void output_log(const Request &req, const Response &res) const; + void output_error_log(const Error &err, const Request *req) const; + + // Socket endpoint information + const std::string host_; + const int port_; + + // Current open socket + Socket socket_; + mutable std::mutex socket_mutex_; + std::recursive_mutex request_mutex_; + + // These are all protected under socket_mutex + size_t socket_requests_in_flight_ = 0; + std::thread::id socket_requests_are_from_thread_ = std::thread::id(); + bool socket_should_be_closed_when_request_is_done_ = false; + + // Hostname-IP map + std::map addr_map_; + + // Default headers + Headers default_headers_; + + // Header writer + std::function header_writer_ = + detail::write_headers; + + // Settings + std::string client_cert_path_; + std::string client_key_path_; + + time_t connection_timeout_sec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_SECOND; + time_t connection_timeout_usec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_USECOND; + time_t read_timeout_sec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_READ_TIMEOUT_SECOND; + time_t read_timeout_usec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_READ_TIMEOUT_USECOND; + time_t write_timeout_sec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_WRITE_TIMEOUT_SECOND; + time_t write_timeout_usec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_WRITE_TIMEOUT_USECOND; + time_t max_timeout_msec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_MAX_TIMEOUT_MSECOND; + + std::string basic_auth_username_; + std::string basic_auth_password_; + std::string bearer_token_auth_token_; + + bool keep_alive_ = false; + bool follow_location_ = false; + + bool path_encode_ = true; + + int address_family_ = AF_UNSPEC; + bool tcp_nodelay_ = CPPHTTPLIB_TCP_NODELAY; + bool ipv6_v6only_ = CPPHTTPLIB_IPV6_V6ONLY; + SocketOptions socket_options_ = nullptr; + + bool compress_ = false; + bool decompress_ = true; + + size_t payload_max_length_ = CPPHTTPLIB_PAYLOAD_MAX_LENGTH; + bool has_payload_max_length_ = false; + + std::string interface_; + + std::string proxy_host_; + int proxy_port_ = -1; + + std::string proxy_basic_auth_username_; + std::string proxy_basic_auth_password_; + std::string proxy_bearer_token_auth_token_; + + std::vector no_proxy_entries_; + + mutable detail::NormalizedTarget host_normalized_; + mutable bool host_normalized_valid_ = false; + + mutable std::mutex logger_mutex_; + Logger logger_; + ErrorLogger error_logger_; + +private: + bool send_(Request &req, Response &res, Error &error); + Result send_(Request &&req); + + socket_t create_client_socket(Error &error) const; + bool read_response_line(Stream &strm, const Request &req, Response &res, + bool skip_100_continue = true) const; + bool write_request(Stream &strm, Request &req, bool close_connection, + Error &error, bool skip_body = false); + bool write_request_body(Stream &strm, Request &req, Error &error); + void prepare_default_headers(Request &r, bool for_stream, + const std::string &ct); + bool redirect(Request &req, Response &res, Error &error); + bool create_redirect_client(const std::string &scheme, + const std::string &host, int port, Request &req, + Response &res, const std::string &path, + const std::string &location, Error &error); + template void setup_redirect_client(ClientType &client); + bool handle_request(Stream &strm, Request &req, Response &res, + bool close_connection, Error &error); + std::unique_ptr send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + Request &req, const char *body, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider_without_length, + const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, + Error &error); + Result send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + const std::string &method, const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, const char *body, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider_without_length, + const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress); + ContentProviderWithoutLength get_multipart_content_provider( + const std::string &boundary, const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items) const; + + virtual bool + process_socket(const Socket &socket, + std::chrono::time_point start_time, + std::function callback); + virtual bool is_ssl() const; + + void transfer_socket_ownership_to_handle(StreamHandle &handle); + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED +public: + void set_digest_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password); + void set_proxy_digest_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password); + void set_ca_cert_path(const std::string &ca_cert_file_path, + const std::string &ca_cert_dir_path = std::string()); + void enable_server_certificate_verification(bool enabled); + void enable_server_hostname_verification(bool enabled); + void enable_system_ca(bool enabled); + +protected: + std::string digest_auth_username_; + std::string digest_auth_password_; + std::string proxy_digest_auth_username_; + std::string proxy_digest_auth_password_; + std::string ca_cert_file_path_; + std::string ca_cert_dir_path_; + bool server_certificate_verification_ = true; + bool server_hostname_verification_ = true; + SystemCAMode system_ca_mode_ = SystemCAMode::Auto; + std::string ca_cert_pem_; // Store CA cert PEM for redirect transfer + int last_ssl_error_ = 0; + uint64_t last_backend_error_ = 0; +#endif +}; + +class Client { +public: + // Universal interface + explicit Client(const std::string &scheme_host_port); + + explicit Client(const std::string &scheme_host_port, + const std::string &client_cert_path, + const std::string &client_key_path); + + // HTTP only interface + explicit Client(const std::string &host, int port); + + explicit Client(const std::string &host, int port, + const std::string &client_cert_path, + const std::string &client_key_path); + + Client(Client &&) = default; + Client &operator=(Client &&) = default; + + ~Client(); + + bool is_valid() const; + + // clang-format off + Result Get(const std::string &path, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, ResponseHandler response_handler, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ResponseHandler response_handler, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Get(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, ResponseHandler response_handler, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + + Result Head(const std::string &path); + Result Head(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers); + + Result Post(const std::string &path); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const UploadFormDataItems &items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const Params ¶ms); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, const std::string &boundary, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + + Result Put(const std::string &path); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const UploadFormDataItems &items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const Params ¶ms); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, const std::string &boundary, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + + Result Patch(const std::string &path); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const UploadFormDataItems &items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const Params ¶ms); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, const std::string &boundary, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const UploadFormDataItems &items, const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items, UploadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + + Result Delete(const std::string &path, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const char *body, size_t content_length, const std::string &content_type, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + Result Delete(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, const Params ¶ms, DownloadProgress progress = nullptr); + + Result Options(const std::string &path); + Result Options(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers); + // clang-format on + + // Streaming API: Open a stream for reading response body incrementally + // Socket ownership is transferred to StreamHandle for true streaming + // Supports all HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, etc.) + ClientImpl::StreamHandle open_stream(const std::string &method, + const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms = {}, + const Headers &headers = {}, + const std::string &body = {}, + const std::string &content_type = {}); + + bool send(Request &req, Response &res, Error &error); + Result send(const Request &req); + + void stop(); + + std::string host() const; + int port() const; + + size_t is_socket_open() const; + socket_t socket() const; + + void set_hostname_addr_map(std::map addr_map); + + void set_default_headers(Headers headers); + + void + set_header_writer(std::function const &writer); + + void set_address_family(int family); + void set_tcp_nodelay(bool on); + void set_socket_options(SocketOptions socket_options); + + void set_connection_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0); + template + void + set_connection_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + void set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0); + template + void set_read_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + void set_write_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0); + template + void set_write_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + void set_max_timeout(time_t msec); + template + void set_max_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration); + + void set_basic_auth(const std::string &username, const std::string &password); + void set_bearer_token_auth(const std::string &token); + + void set_keep_alive(bool on); + void set_follow_location(bool on); + + void set_path_encode(bool on); + + void set_compress(bool on); + + void set_decompress(bool on); + + void set_payload_max_length(size_t length); + + void set_interface(const std::string &intf); + + void set_proxy(const std::string &host, int port); + void set_proxy_basic_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password); + void set_proxy_bearer_token_auth(const std::string &token); + void set_no_proxy(const std::vector &patterns); + void set_logger(Logger logger); + void set_error_logger(ErrorLogger error_logger); + +private: + std::unique_ptr cli_; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED +public: + void set_digest_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password); + void set_proxy_digest_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password); + void enable_server_certificate_verification(bool enabled); + void enable_server_hostname_verification(bool enabled); + void enable_system_ca(bool enabled); + void set_ca_cert_path(const std::string &ca_cert_file_path, + const std::string &ca_cert_dir_path = std::string()); + + void set_ca_cert_store(tls::ca_store_t ca_cert_store); + void load_ca_cert_store(const char *ca_cert, std::size_t size); + + void set_server_certificate_verifier(tls::VerifyCallback verifier); + + void set_session_verifier( + std::function verifier); + + tls::ctx_t tls_context() const; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_WINDOWS_AUTOMATIC_ROOT_CERTIFICATES_UPDATE + void enable_windows_certificate_verification(bool enabled); +#endif + +private: + bool is_ssl_ = false; +#endif +}; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED +class SSLServer : public Server { +public: + SSLServer(const char *cert_path, const char *private_key_path, + const char *client_ca_cert_file_path = nullptr, + const char *client_ca_cert_dir_path = nullptr, + const char *private_key_password = nullptr); + + struct PemMemory { + const char *cert_pem; + size_t cert_pem_len; + const char *key_pem; + size_t key_pem_len; + const char *client_ca_pem; + size_t client_ca_pem_len; + const char *private_key_password; + }; + explicit SSLServer(const PemMemory &pem); + + // The callback receives the ctx_t handle which can be cast to the + // appropriate backend type (SSL_CTX* for OpenSSL, + // tls::impl::MbedTlsContext* for Mbed TLS) + explicit SSLServer(const tls::ContextSetupCallback &setup_callback); + + ~SSLServer() override; + + bool is_valid() const override; + + bool update_certs_pem(const char *cert_pem, const char *key_pem, + const char *client_ca_pem = nullptr, + const char *password = nullptr); + + tls::ctx_t tls_context() const { return ctx_; } + + int ssl_last_error() const { return last_ssl_error_; } + +private: + bool process_and_close_socket(socket_t sock) override; + + tls::ctx_t ctx_ = nullptr; + std::mutex ctx_mutex_; + + int last_ssl_error_ = 0; +}; + +class SSLClient final : public ClientImpl { +public: + explicit SSLClient(const std::string &host); + + explicit SSLClient(const std::string &host, int port); + + explicit SSLClient(const std::string &host, int port, + const std::string &client_cert_path, + const std::string &client_key_path, + const std::string &private_key_password = std::string()); + + struct PemMemory { + const char *cert_pem; + size_t cert_pem_len; + const char *key_pem; + size_t key_pem_len; + const char *private_key_password; + }; + explicit SSLClient(const std::string &host, int port, const PemMemory &pem); + + ~SSLClient() override; + + bool is_valid() const override; + + void set_ca_cert_store(tls::ca_store_t ca_cert_store); + void load_ca_cert_store(const char *ca_cert, std::size_t size); + + void set_server_certificate_verifier(tls::VerifyCallback verifier); + + // Post-handshake session verifier (backend-independent) + void set_session_verifier( + std::function verifier); + + tls::ctx_t tls_context() const { return ctx_; } + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_WINDOWS_AUTOMATIC_ROOT_CERTIFICATES_UPDATE + void enable_windows_certificate_verification(bool enabled); +#endif + +private: + bool create_and_connect_socket(Socket &socket, Error &error) override; + bool ensure_socket_connection(Socket &socket, Error &error) override; + void shutdown_ssl(Socket &socket, bool shutdown_gracefully) override; + void shutdown_ssl_impl(Socket &socket, bool shutdown_gracefully); + + bool + process_socket(const Socket &socket, + std::chrono::time_point start_time, + std::function callback) override; + bool is_ssl() const override; + + bool setup_proxy_connection( + Socket &socket, + std::chrono::time_point start_time, + Response &res, bool &success, Error &error) override; + bool connect_with_proxy( + Socket &sock, + std::chrono::time_point start_time, + Response &res, bool &success, Error &error); + bool initialize_ssl(Socket &socket, Error &error); + + void init_ctx(); + void reset_ctx_on_error(); + + bool load_certs(); + + tls::ctx_t ctx_ = nullptr; + std::mutex ctx_mutex_; + std::once_flag initialize_cert_; + + // Tracks whether a custom CA store was applied via set_ca_cert_store(), + // since the store handle itself is owned by ctx_ and leaves no other trace. + // Used to keep custom CA configuration exclusive with system CA loading. + bool ca_cert_store_set_ = false; + + long verify_result_ = 0; + + std::function session_verifier_; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_WINDOWS_AUTOMATIC_ROOT_CERTIFICATES_UPDATE + bool enable_windows_cert_verification_ = true; +#endif + + friend class ClientImpl; +}; +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + +namespace detail { + +template +inline void duration_to_sec_and_usec(const T &duration, U callback) { + auto sec = std::chrono::duration_cast(duration).count(); + auto usec = std::chrono::duration_cast( + duration - std::chrono::seconds(sec)) + .count(); + callback(static_cast(sec), static_cast(usec)); +} + +template inline constexpr size_t str_len(const char (&)[N]) { + return N - 1; +} + +inline bool is_numeric(const std::string &str) { + return !str.empty() && + std::all_of(str.cbegin(), str.cend(), + [](unsigned char c) { return std::isdigit(c); }); +} + +inline size_t get_header_value_u64(const Headers &headers, + const std::string &key, size_t def, + size_t id, bool &is_invalid_value) { + is_invalid_value = false; + auto rng = headers.equal_range(key); + auto it = rng.first; + std::advance(it, static_cast(id)); + if (it != rng.second) { + if (is_numeric(it->second)) { + return static_cast(std::strtoull(it->second.data(), nullptr, 10)); + } else { + is_invalid_value = true; + } + } + return def; +} + +inline size_t get_header_value_u64(const Headers &headers, + const std::string &key, size_t def, + size_t id) { + auto dummy = false; + return get_header_value_u64(headers, key, def, id, dummy); +} + +} // namespace detail + +template +inline Server & +Server::set_read_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + detail::duration_to_sec_and_usec( + duration, [&](time_t sec, time_t usec) { set_read_timeout(sec, usec); }); + return *this; +} + +template +inline Server & +Server::set_write_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + detail::duration_to_sec_and_usec( + duration, [&](time_t sec, time_t usec) { set_write_timeout(sec, usec); }); + return *this; +} + +template +inline Server & +Server::set_idle_interval(const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + detail::duration_to_sec_and_usec( + duration, [&](time_t sec, time_t usec) { set_idle_interval(sec, usec); }); + return *this; +} + +template +inline void ClientImpl::set_connection_timeout( + const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + detail::duration_to_sec_and_usec(duration, [&](time_t sec, time_t usec) { + set_connection_timeout(sec, usec); + }); +} + +template +inline void ClientImpl::set_read_timeout( + const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + detail::duration_to_sec_and_usec( + duration, [&](time_t sec, time_t usec) { set_read_timeout(sec, usec); }); +} + +template +inline void ClientImpl::set_write_timeout( + const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + detail::duration_to_sec_and_usec( + duration, [&](time_t sec, time_t usec) { set_write_timeout(sec, usec); }); +} + +template +inline void ClientImpl::set_max_timeout( + const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + auto msec = + std::chrono::duration_cast(duration).count(); + set_max_timeout(msec); +} + +template +inline void Client::set_connection_timeout( + const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + cli_->set_connection_timeout(duration); +} + +template +inline void +Client::set_read_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + cli_->set_read_timeout(duration); +} + +template +inline void +Client::set_write_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + cli_->set_write_timeout(duration); +} + +inline void Client::set_max_timeout(time_t msec) { + cli_->set_max_timeout(msec); +} + +template +inline void +Client::set_max_timeout(const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + cli_->set_max_timeout(duration); +} + +/* + * Forward declarations and types that will be part of the .h file if split into + * .h + .cc. + */ + +std::string hosted_at(const std::string &hostname); + +void hosted_at(const std::string &hostname, std::vector &addrs); + +// JavaScript-style URL encoding/decoding functions +std::string encode_uri_component(const std::string &value); +std::string encode_uri(const std::string &value); +std::string decode_uri_component(const std::string &value); +std::string decode_uri(const std::string &value); + +// RFC 3986 compliant URL component encoding/decoding functions +std::string encode_path_component(const std::string &component); +std::string decode_path_component(const std::string &component); +std::string encode_query_component(const std::string &component, + bool space_as_plus = true); +std::string decode_query_component(const std::string &component, + bool plus_as_space = true); + +std::string sanitize_filename(const std::string &filename); + +std::string append_query_params(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms); + +std::pair make_range_header(const Ranges &ranges); + +std::pair +make_basic_authentication_header(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password, + bool is_proxy = false); + +namespace detail { + +#if defined(_WIN32) +inline std::wstring u8string_to_wstring(const char *s) { + if (!s) { return std::wstring(); } + + auto len = static_cast(strlen(s)); + if (!len) { return std::wstring(); } + + auto wlen = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, s, len, nullptr, 0); + if (!wlen) { return std::wstring(); } + + std::wstring ws; + ws.resize(wlen); + wlen = ::MultiByteToWideChar( + CP_UTF8, 0, s, len, + const_cast(reinterpret_cast(ws.data())), wlen); + if (wlen != static_cast(ws.size())) { ws.clear(); } + return ws; +} +#endif + +struct FileStat { + FileStat(const std::string &path); + bool is_file() const; + bool is_dir() const; + time_t mtime() const; + size_t size() const; + +private: +#if defined(_WIN32) + struct _stat st_; +#else + struct stat st_; +#endif + int ret_ = -1; +}; + +std::string make_host_and_port_string(const std::string &host, int port, + bool is_ssl); + +std::string trim_copy(const std::string &s); + +void divide( + const char *data, std::size_t size, char d, + std::function + fn); + +void divide( + const std::string &str, char d, + std::function + fn); + +void split(const char *b, const char *e, char d, + std::function fn); + +void split(const char *b, const char *e, char d, size_t m, + std::function fn); + +bool process_client_socket( + socket_t sock, time_t read_timeout_sec, time_t read_timeout_usec, + time_t write_timeout_sec, time_t write_timeout_usec, + time_t max_timeout_msec, + std::chrono::time_point start_time, + std::function callback); + +socket_t create_client_socket(const std::string &host, const std::string &ip, + int port, int address_family, bool tcp_nodelay, + bool ipv6_v6only, SocketOptions socket_options, + time_t connection_timeout_sec, + time_t connection_timeout_usec, + time_t read_timeout_sec, time_t read_timeout_usec, + time_t write_timeout_sec, + time_t write_timeout_usec, + const std::string &intf, Error &error); + +const char *get_header_value(const Headers &headers, const std::string &key, + const char *def, size_t id); + +std::string params_to_query_str(const Params ¶ms); + +void parse_query_text(const char *data, std::size_t size, Params ¶ms); + +void parse_query_text(const std::string &s, Params ¶ms); + +bool parse_multipart_boundary(const std::string &content_type, + std::string &boundary); + +bool parse_range_header(const std::string &s, Ranges &ranges); + +bool parse_accept_header(const std::string &s, + std::vector &content_types); + +ssize_t send_socket(socket_t sock, const void *ptr, size_t size, int flags); + +ssize_t read_socket(socket_t sock, void *ptr, size_t size, int flags); + +enum class EncodingType { None = 0, Gzip, Brotli, Zstd }; + +EncodingType encoding_type(const Request &req, const Response &res); + +class BufferStream final : public Stream { +public: + BufferStream() = default; + ~BufferStream() override = default; + + bool is_readable() const override; + bool wait_readable() const override; + bool wait_writable() const override; + ssize_t read(char *ptr, size_t size) override; + ssize_t write(const char *ptr, size_t size) override; + void get_remote_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, int &port) const override; + void get_local_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, int &port) const override; + socket_t socket() const override; + time_t duration() const override; + + const std::string &get_buffer() const; + +private: + std::string buffer; + size_t position = 0; +}; + +class compressor { +public: + virtual ~compressor() = default; + + typedef std::function Callback; + virtual bool compress(const char *data, size_t data_length, bool last, + Callback callback) = 0; +}; + +class decompressor { +public: + virtual ~decompressor() = default; + + virtual bool is_valid() const = 0; + + typedef std::function Callback; + virtual bool decompress(const char *data, size_t data_length, + Callback callback) = 0; +}; + +class nocompressor final : public compressor { +public: + ~nocompressor() override = default; + + bool compress(const char *data, size_t data_length, bool /*last*/, + Callback callback) override; +}; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT +class gzip_compressor final : public compressor { +public: + gzip_compressor(); + ~gzip_compressor() override; + + bool compress(const char *data, size_t data_length, bool last, + Callback callback) override; + +private: + bool is_valid_ = false; + z_stream strm_; +}; + +class gzip_decompressor final : public decompressor { +public: + gzip_decompressor(); + ~gzip_decompressor() override; + + bool is_valid() const override; + + bool decompress(const char *data, size_t data_length, + Callback callback) override; + +private: + bool is_valid_ = false; + z_stream strm_; +}; +#endif + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT +class brotli_compressor final : public compressor { +public: + brotli_compressor(); + ~brotli_compressor(); + + bool compress(const char *data, size_t data_length, bool last, + Callback callback) override; + +private: + BrotliEncoderState *state_ = nullptr; +}; + +class brotli_decompressor final : public decompressor { +public: + brotli_decompressor(); + ~brotli_decompressor(); + + bool is_valid() const override; + + bool decompress(const char *data, size_t data_length, + Callback callback) override; + +private: + BrotliDecoderResult decoder_r; + BrotliDecoderState *decoder_s = nullptr; +}; +#endif + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT +class zstd_compressor : public compressor { +public: + zstd_compressor(); + ~zstd_compressor(); + + bool compress(const char *data, size_t data_length, bool last, + Callback callback) override; + +private: + ZSTD_CCtx *ctx_ = nullptr; +}; + +class zstd_decompressor : public decompressor { +public: + zstd_decompressor(); + ~zstd_decompressor(); + + bool is_valid() const override; + + bool decompress(const char *data, size_t data_length, + Callback callback) override; + +private: + ZSTD_DCtx *ctx_ = nullptr; +}; +#endif + +// NOTE: until the read size reaches `fixed_buffer_size`, use `fixed_buffer` +// to store data. The call can set memory on stack for performance. +class stream_line_reader { +public: + stream_line_reader(Stream &strm, char *fixed_buffer, + size_t fixed_buffer_size); + const char *ptr() const; + size_t size() const; + bool end_with_crlf() const; + bool getline(); + +private: + void append(char c); + + Stream &strm_; + char *fixed_buffer_; + const size_t fixed_buffer_size_; + size_t fixed_buffer_used_size_ = 0; + std::string growable_buffer_; +}; + +bool parse_trailers(stream_line_reader &line_reader, Headers &dest, + const Headers &src_headers); + +struct ChunkedDecoder { + Stream &strm; + size_t chunk_remaining = 0; + bool finished = false; + char line_buf[64]; + size_t last_chunk_total = 0; + size_t last_chunk_offset = 0; + + explicit ChunkedDecoder(Stream &s); + + ssize_t read_payload(char *buf, size_t len, size_t &out_chunk_offset, + size_t &out_chunk_total); + + bool parse_trailers_into(Headers &dest, const Headers &src_headers); +}; + +class mmap { +public: + mmap(const char *path); + ~mmap(); + + bool open(const char *path); + void close(); + + bool is_open() const; + size_t size() const; + const char *data() const; + +private: +#if defined(_WIN32) + HANDLE hFile_ = NULL; + HANDLE hMapping_ = NULL; +#else + int fd_ = -1; +#endif + size_t size_ = 0; + void *addr_ = nullptr; + bool is_open_empty_file = false; +}; + +// NOTE: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110#section-5 +namespace fields { + +bool is_token_char(char c); +bool is_token(const std::string &s); +bool is_field_name(const std::string &s); +bool is_vchar(char c); +bool is_obs_text(char c); +bool is_field_vchar(char c); +bool is_field_content(const std::string &s); +bool is_field_value(const std::string &s); + +} // namespace fields +} // namespace detail + +/* + * TLS Abstraction Layer Declarations + */ + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED +// TLS abstraction layer - backend-specific type declarations +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT +namespace tls { +namespace impl { + +// Mbed TLS context wrapper (holds config, entropy, DRBG, CA chain, own +// cert/key). This struct is accessible via tls::impl for use in SSL context +// setup callbacks (cast ctx_t to tls::impl::MbedTlsContext*). +struct MbedTlsContext { + mbedtls_ssl_config conf; + mbedtls_entropy_context entropy; + mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context ctr_drbg; + mbedtls_x509_crt ca_chain; + mbedtls_x509_crt own_cert; + mbedtls_pk_context own_key; + bool is_server = false; + bool verify_client = false; + bool has_verify_callback = false; + + MbedTlsContext(); + ~MbedTlsContext(); + + MbedTlsContext(const MbedTlsContext &) = delete; + MbedTlsContext &operator=(const MbedTlsContext &) = delete; +}; + +} // namespace impl +} // namespace tls +#endif + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_WOLFSSL_SUPPORT +namespace tls { +namespace impl { + +// wolfSSL context wrapper (holds WOLFSSL_CTX and related state). +// This struct is accessible via tls::impl for use in SSL context +// setup callbacks (cast ctx_t to tls::impl::WolfSSLContext*). +struct WolfSSLContext { + WOLFSSL_CTX *ctx = nullptr; + bool is_server = false; + bool verify_client = false; + bool has_verify_callback = false; + std::string ca_pem_data_; // accumulated PEM for get_ca_names/get_ca_certs + + WolfSSLContext(); + ~WolfSSLContext(); + + WolfSSLContext(const WolfSSLContext &) = delete; + WolfSSLContext &operator=(const WolfSSLContext &) = delete; +}; + +// CA store for wolfSSL: holds raw PEM bytes to allow reloading into any ctx +struct WolfSSLCAStore { + std::string pem_data; +}; + +} // namespace impl +} // namespace tls +#endif + +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + +namespace stream { + +class Result { +public: + Result(); + explicit Result(ClientImpl::StreamHandle &&handle, size_t chunk_size = 8192); + Result(Result &&other) noexcept; + Result &operator=(Result &&other) noexcept; + Result(const Result &) = delete; + Result &operator=(const Result &) = delete; + + // Response info + bool is_valid() const; + explicit operator bool() const; + int status() const; + const Headers &headers() const; + std::string get_header_value(const std::string &key, + const char *def = "") const; + bool has_header(const std::string &key) const; + Error error() const; + Error read_error() const; + bool has_read_error() const; + + // Stream reading + bool next(); + const char *data() const; + size_t size() const; + std::string read_all(); + +private: + ClientImpl::StreamHandle handle_; + std::string buffer_; + size_t current_size_ = 0; + size_t chunk_size_; + bool finished_ = false; +}; + +// GET +template +inline Result Get(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("GET", path), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Get(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("GET", path, {}, headers), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Get(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("GET", path, params), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Get(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("GET", path, params, headers), chunk_size}; +} + +// POST +template +inline Result Post(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("POST", path, {}, {}, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Post(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("POST", path, {}, headers, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Post(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("POST", path, params, {}, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Post(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{ + cli.open_stream("POST", path, params, headers, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +// PUT +template +inline Result Put(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("PUT", path, {}, {}, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Put(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("PUT", path, {}, headers, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Put(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("PUT", path, params, {}, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Put(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{ + cli.open_stream("PUT", path, params, headers, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +// PATCH +template +inline Result Patch(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("PATCH", path, {}, {}, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Patch(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("PATCH", path, {}, headers, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Patch(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("PATCH", path, params, {}, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Patch(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{ + cli.open_stream("PATCH", path, params, headers, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +// DELETE +template +inline Result Delete(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("DELETE", path), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Delete(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("DELETE", path, {}, headers), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Delete(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("DELETE", path, {}, {}, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Delete(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{ + cli.open_stream("DELETE", path, {}, headers, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Delete(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("DELETE", path, params), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Delete(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("DELETE", path, params, headers), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Delete(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("DELETE", path, params, {}, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Delete(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{ + cli.open_stream("DELETE", path, params, headers, body, content_type), + chunk_size}; +} + +// HEAD +template +inline Result Head(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("HEAD", path), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Head(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("HEAD", path, {}, headers), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Head(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("HEAD", path, params), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Head(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("HEAD", path, params, headers), chunk_size}; +} + +// OPTIONS +template +inline Result Options(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("OPTIONS", path), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Options(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("OPTIONS", path, {}, headers), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Options(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("OPTIONS", path, params), chunk_size}; +} + +template +inline Result Options(ClientType &cli, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, + size_t chunk_size = 8192) { + return Result{cli.open_stream("OPTIONS", path, params, headers), chunk_size}; +} + +} // namespace stream + +namespace sse { + +struct SSEMessage { + std::string event; // Event type (default: "message") + std::string data; // Event payload + std::string id; // Event ID for Last-Event-ID header + + SSEMessage(); + void clear(); +}; + +class SSEClient { +public: + using MessageHandler = std::function; + using ErrorHandler = std::function; + using OpenHandler = std::function; + + SSEClient(Client &client, const std::string &path); + SSEClient(Client &client, const std::string &path, const Headers &headers); + ~SSEClient(); + + SSEClient(const SSEClient &) = delete; + SSEClient &operator=(const SSEClient &) = delete; + + // Event handlers + SSEClient &on_message(MessageHandler handler); + SSEClient &on_event(const std::string &type, MessageHandler handler); + SSEClient &on_open(OpenHandler handler); + SSEClient &on_error(ErrorHandler handler); + SSEClient &set_reconnect_interval(int ms); + SSEClient &set_max_reconnect_attempts(int n); + + // Update headers (thread-safe) + SSEClient &set_headers(const Headers &headers); + + // State accessors + bool is_connected() const; + const std::string &last_event_id() const; + + // Blocking start - runs event loop with auto-reconnect + void start(); + + // Non-blocking start - runs in background thread + void start_async(); + + // Stop the client (thread-safe) + void stop(); + +private: + bool parse_sse_line(const std::string &line, SSEMessage &msg, int &retry_ms); + void run_event_loop(); + void dispatch_event(const SSEMessage &msg); + bool should_reconnect(int count) const; + void wait_for_reconnect(); + + // Client and path + Client &client_; + std::string path_; + Headers headers_; + mutable std::mutex headers_mutex_; + + // Callbacks + MessageHandler on_message_; + std::map event_handlers_; + OpenHandler on_open_; + ErrorHandler on_error_; + + // Configuration + int reconnect_interval_ms_ = 3000; + int max_reconnect_attempts_ = 0; // 0 = unlimited + + // State + std::atomic running_{false}; + std::atomic connected_{false}; + std::string last_event_id_; + + // Async support + std::thread async_thread_; +}; + +} // namespace sse + +namespace ws { + +enum class Opcode : uint8_t { + Continuation = 0x0, + Text = 0x1, + Binary = 0x2, + Close = 0x8, + Ping = 0x9, + Pong = 0xA, +}; + +enum class CloseStatus : uint16_t { + Normal = 1000, + GoingAway = 1001, + ProtocolError = 1002, + UnsupportedData = 1003, + NoStatus = 1005, + Abnormal = 1006, + InvalidPayload = 1007, + PolicyViolation = 1008, + MessageTooBig = 1009, + MandatoryExtension = 1010, + InternalError = 1011, +}; + +enum ReadResult : int { Fail = 0, Text = 1, Binary = 2 }; + +class WebSocket { +public: + WebSocket(const WebSocket &) = delete; + WebSocket &operator=(const WebSocket &) = delete; + ~WebSocket(); + + ReadResult read(std::string &msg); + bool send(const std::string &data); + bool send(const char *data, size_t len); + void close(CloseStatus status = CloseStatus::Normal, + const std::string &reason = ""); + const Request &request() const; + bool is_open() const; + +private: + friend class httplib::Server; + friend class WebSocketClient; + + WebSocket( + Stream &strm, const Request &req, bool is_server, + time_t ping_interval_sec = CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_PING_INTERVAL_SECOND, + int max_missed_pongs = CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_MISSED_PONGS) + : strm_(strm), req_(req), is_server_(is_server), + ping_interval_sec_(ping_interval_sec), + max_missed_pongs_(max_missed_pongs) { + start_heartbeat(); + } + + WebSocket( + std::unique_ptr &&owned_strm, const Request &req, bool is_server, + time_t ping_interval_sec = CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_PING_INTERVAL_SECOND, + int max_missed_pongs = CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_MISSED_PONGS) + : strm_(*owned_strm), owned_strm_(std::move(owned_strm)), req_(req), + is_server_(is_server), ping_interval_sec_(ping_interval_sec), + max_missed_pongs_(max_missed_pongs) { + start_heartbeat(); + } + + void start_heartbeat(); + bool send_frame(Opcode op, const char *data, size_t len, bool fin = true); + + Stream &strm_; + std::unique_ptr owned_strm_; + Request req_; + bool is_server_; + time_t ping_interval_sec_; + int max_missed_pongs_; + int unacked_pings_ = 0; + std::atomic closed_{false}; + std::mutex write_mutex_; + std::thread ping_thread_; + std::mutex ping_mutex_; + std::condition_variable ping_cv_; +}; + +class WebSocketClient { +public: + explicit WebSocketClient(const std::string &scheme_host_port_path, + const Headers &headers = {}); + + ~WebSocketClient(); + WebSocketClient(const WebSocketClient &) = delete; + WebSocketClient &operator=(const WebSocketClient &) = delete; + + bool is_valid() const; + + bool connect(); + ReadResult read(std::string &msg); + bool send(const std::string &data); + bool send(const char *data, size_t len); + void close(CloseStatus status = CloseStatus::Normal, + const std::string &reason = ""); + bool is_open() const; + const std::string &subprotocol() const; + void set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0); + void set_write_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0); + void set_websocket_ping_interval(time_t sec); + void set_websocket_max_missed_pongs(int count); + void set_tcp_nodelay(bool on); + void set_address_family(int family); + void set_ipv6_v6only(bool on); + void set_socket_options(SocketOptions socket_options); + void set_connection_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0); + void set_interface(const std::string &intf); + void set_hostname_addr_map(std::map addr_map); + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + void set_ca_cert_path(const std::string &path); + void set_ca_cert_store(tls::ca_store_t store); + void load_ca_cert_store(const char *ca_cert, std::size_t size); + void enable_server_certificate_verification(bool enabled); + void enable_system_ca(bool enabled); +#endif + +private: + void shutdown_and_close(); + bool create_stream(std::unique_ptr &strm); + + std::string host_; + int port_; + std::string path_; + Headers headers_; + std::string subprotocol_; + bool is_valid_ = false; + socket_t sock_ = INVALID_SOCKET; + std::unique_ptr ws_; + time_t read_timeout_sec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_READ_TIMEOUT_SECOND; + time_t read_timeout_usec_ = 0; + time_t write_timeout_sec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_WRITE_TIMEOUT_SECOND; + time_t write_timeout_usec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_CLIENT_WRITE_TIMEOUT_USECOND; + time_t websocket_ping_interval_sec_ = + CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_PING_INTERVAL_SECOND; + int websocket_max_missed_pongs_ = CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_MISSED_PONGS; + int address_family_ = AF_UNSPEC; + bool tcp_nodelay_ = CPPHTTPLIB_TCP_NODELAY; + bool ipv6_v6only_ = CPPHTTPLIB_IPV6_V6ONLY; + SocketOptions socket_options_ = nullptr; + time_t connection_timeout_sec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_SECOND; + time_t connection_timeout_usec_ = CPPHTTPLIB_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_USECOND; + std::string interface_; + + // Hostname-IP map + std::map addr_map_; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + bool is_ssl_ = false; + tls::ctx_t tls_ctx_ = nullptr; + tls::session_t tls_session_ = nullptr; + std::string ca_cert_file_path_; + bool custom_ca_loaded_ = false; + bool certs_loaded_ = false; + SystemCAMode system_ca_mode_ = SystemCAMode::Auto; + bool server_certificate_verification_ = true; +#endif +}; + +namespace impl { + +bool is_valid_utf8(const std::string &s); + +bool read_websocket_frame(Stream &strm, Opcode &opcode, std::string &payload, + bool &fin, bool expect_masked, size_t max_len); + +} // namespace impl + +} // namespace ws + +// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +/* + * Implementation that will be part of the .cc file if split into .h + .cc. + */ + +namespace stream { + +// stream::Result implementations +inline Result::Result() : chunk_size_(8192) {} + +inline Result::Result(ClientImpl::StreamHandle &&handle, size_t chunk_size) + : handle_(std::move(handle)), chunk_size_(chunk_size) {} + +inline Result::Result(Result &&other) noexcept + : handle_(std::move(other.handle_)), buffer_(std::move(other.buffer_)), + current_size_(other.current_size_), chunk_size_(other.chunk_size_), + finished_(other.finished_) { + other.current_size_ = 0; + other.finished_ = true; +} + +inline Result &Result::operator=(Result &&other) noexcept { + if (this != &other) { + handle_ = std::move(other.handle_); + buffer_ = std::move(other.buffer_); + current_size_ = other.current_size_; + chunk_size_ = other.chunk_size_; + finished_ = other.finished_; + other.current_size_ = 0; + other.finished_ = true; + } + return *this; +} + +inline bool Result::is_valid() const { return handle_.is_valid(); } +inline Result::operator bool() const { return is_valid(); } + +inline int Result::status() const { + return handle_.response ? handle_.response->status : -1; +} + +inline const Headers &Result::headers() const { + static const Headers empty_headers; + return handle_.response ? handle_.response->headers : empty_headers; +} + +inline std::string Result::get_header_value(const std::string &key, + const char *def) const { + return handle_.response ? handle_.response->get_header_value(key, def) : def; +} + +inline bool Result::has_header(const std::string &key) const { + return handle_.response ? handle_.response->has_header(key) : false; +} + +inline Error Result::error() const { return handle_.error; } +inline Error Result::read_error() const { return handle_.get_read_error(); } +inline bool Result::has_read_error() const { return handle_.has_read_error(); } + +inline bool Result::next() { + if (!handle_.is_valid() || finished_) { return false; } + + if (buffer_.size() < chunk_size_) { buffer_.resize(chunk_size_); } + + ssize_t n = handle_.read(&buffer_[0], chunk_size_); + if (n > 0) { + current_size_ = static_cast(n); + return true; + } + + current_size_ = 0; + finished_ = true; + return false; +} + +inline const char *Result::data() const { return buffer_.data(); } +inline size_t Result::size() const { return current_size_; } + +inline std::string Result::read_all() { + std::string result; + while (next()) { + result.append(data(), size()); + } + return result; +} + +} // namespace stream + +namespace sse { + +// SSEMessage implementations +inline SSEMessage::SSEMessage() : event("message") {} + +inline void SSEMessage::clear() { + event = "message"; + data.clear(); + id.clear(); +} + +// SSEClient implementations +inline SSEClient::SSEClient(Client &client, const std::string &path) + : client_(client), path_(path) {} + +inline SSEClient::SSEClient(Client &client, const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers) + : client_(client), path_(path), headers_(headers) {} + +inline SSEClient::~SSEClient() { stop(); } + +inline SSEClient &SSEClient::on_message(MessageHandler handler) { + on_message_ = std::move(handler); + return *this; +} + +inline SSEClient &SSEClient::on_event(const std::string &type, + MessageHandler handler) { + event_handlers_[type] = std::move(handler); + return *this; +} + +inline SSEClient &SSEClient::on_open(OpenHandler handler) { + on_open_ = std::move(handler); + return *this; +} + +inline SSEClient &SSEClient::on_error(ErrorHandler handler) { + on_error_ = std::move(handler); + return *this; +} + +inline SSEClient &SSEClient::set_reconnect_interval(int ms) { + reconnect_interval_ms_ = ms; + return *this; +} + +inline SSEClient &SSEClient::set_max_reconnect_attempts(int n) { + max_reconnect_attempts_ = n; + return *this; +} + +inline SSEClient &SSEClient::set_headers(const Headers &headers) { + std::lock_guard lock(headers_mutex_); + headers_ = headers; + return *this; +} + +inline bool SSEClient::is_connected() const { return connected_.load(); } + +inline const std::string &SSEClient::last_event_id() const { + return last_event_id_; +} + +inline void SSEClient::start() { + running_.store(true); + run_event_loop(); +} + +inline void SSEClient::start_async() { + running_.store(true); + async_thread_ = std::thread([this]() { run_event_loop(); }); +} + +inline void SSEClient::stop() { + running_.store(false); + client_.stop(); // Cancel any pending operations + if (async_thread_.joinable()) { async_thread_.join(); } +} + +inline bool SSEClient::parse_sse_line(const std::string &line, SSEMessage &msg, + int &retry_ms) { + // Blank line signals end of event + if (line.empty() || line == "\r") { return true; } + + // Lines starting with ':' are comments (ignored) + if (!line.empty() && line[0] == ':') { return false; } + + // Find the colon separator + auto colon_pos = line.find(':'); + if (colon_pos == std::string::npos) { + // Line with no colon is treated as field name with empty value + return false; + } + + auto field = line.substr(0, colon_pos); + std::string value; + + // Value starts after colon, skip optional single space + if (colon_pos + 1 < line.size()) { + auto value_start = colon_pos + 1; + if (line[value_start] == ' ') { value_start++; } + value = line.substr(value_start); + // Remove trailing \r if present + if (!value.empty() && value.back() == '\r') { value.pop_back(); } + } + + // Handle known fields + if (field == "event") { + msg.event = value; + } else if (field == "data") { + // Multiple data lines are concatenated with newlines + if (!msg.data.empty()) { msg.data += "\n"; } + msg.data += value; + } else if (field == "id") { + // Empty id is valid (clears the last event ID) + msg.id = value; + } else if (field == "retry") { + // Parse retry interval in milliseconds + { + int v = 0; + auto res = + detail::from_chars(value.data(), value.data() + value.size(), v); + if (res.ec == std::errc{}) { retry_ms = v; } + } + } + // Unknown fields are ignored per SSE spec + + return false; +} + +inline void SSEClient::run_event_loop() { + auto reconnect_count = 0; + + while (running_.load()) { + // Build headers, including Last-Event-ID if we have one + Headers request_headers; + { + std::lock_guard lock(headers_mutex_); + request_headers = headers_; + } + if (!last_event_id_.empty()) { + request_headers.emplace("Last-Event-ID", last_event_id_); + } + + // Open streaming connection + auto result = stream::Get(client_, path_, request_headers); + + // Connection error handling + if (!result) { + connected_.store(false); + if (on_error_) { on_error_(result.error()); } + + if (!should_reconnect(reconnect_count)) { break; } + wait_for_reconnect(); + reconnect_count++; + continue; + } + + if (result.status() != StatusCode::OK_200) { + connected_.store(false); + if (on_error_) { on_error_(Error::Connection); } + + // For certain errors, don't reconnect. + // Note: 401 is intentionally absent so that handlers can refresh + // credentials via set_headers() and let the client reconnect. + if (result.status() == StatusCode::NoContent_204 || + result.status() == StatusCode::NotFound_404 || + result.status() == StatusCode::Forbidden_403) { + break; + } + + if (!should_reconnect(reconnect_count)) { break; } + wait_for_reconnect(); + reconnect_count++; + continue; + } + + // Connection successful + connected_.store(true); + reconnect_count = 0; + if (on_open_) { on_open_(); } + + // Event receiving loop + std::string buffer; + SSEMessage current_msg; + + while (running_.load() && result.next()) { + buffer.append(result.data(), result.size()); + + // Process complete lines in the buffer + size_t line_start = 0; + size_t newline_pos; + + while ((newline_pos = buffer.find('\n', line_start)) != + std::string::npos) { + auto line = buffer.substr(line_start, newline_pos - line_start); + line_start = newline_pos + 1; + + // Parse the line and check if event is complete + auto event_complete = + parse_sse_line(line, current_msg, reconnect_interval_ms_); + + if (event_complete && !current_msg.data.empty()) { + // Update last_event_id for reconnection + if (!current_msg.id.empty()) { last_event_id_ = current_msg.id; } + + // Dispatch event to appropriate handler + dispatch_event(current_msg); + + current_msg.clear(); + } + } + + // Keep unprocessed data in buffer + buffer.erase(0, line_start); + } + + // Connection ended + connected_.store(false); + + if (!running_.load()) { break; } + + // Check for read errors + if (result.has_read_error()) { + if (on_error_) { on_error_(result.read_error()); } + } + + if (!should_reconnect(reconnect_count)) { break; } + wait_for_reconnect(); + reconnect_count++; + } + + connected_.store(false); +} + +inline void SSEClient::dispatch_event(const SSEMessage &msg) { + // Check for specific event type handler first + auto it = event_handlers_.find(msg.event); + if (it != event_handlers_.end()) { + it->second(msg); + return; + } + + // Fall back to generic message handler + if (on_message_) { on_message_(msg); } +} + +inline bool SSEClient::should_reconnect(int count) const { + if (!running_.load()) { return false; } + if (max_reconnect_attempts_ == 0) { return true; } // unlimited + return count < max_reconnect_attempts_; +} + +inline void SSEClient::wait_for_reconnect() { + // Use small increments to check running_ flag frequently + auto waited = 0; + while (running_.load() && waited < reconnect_interval_ms_) { + std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100)); + waited += 100; + } +} + +} // namespace sse + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED +/* + * TLS abstraction layer - internal function declarations + * These are implementation details and not part of the public API. + */ +namespace tls { + +// Client context +ctx_t create_client_context(); +void free_context(ctx_t ctx); +bool set_min_version(ctx_t ctx, Version version); +bool load_ca_pem(ctx_t ctx, const char *pem, size_t len); +bool load_ca_file(ctx_t ctx, const char *file_path); +bool load_ca_dir(ctx_t ctx, const char *dir_path); +bool load_system_certs(ctx_t ctx); +bool set_client_cert_pem(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert, const char *key, + const char *password); +bool set_client_cert_file(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert_path, + const char *key_path, const char *password); + +// Server context +ctx_t create_server_context(); +bool set_server_cert_pem(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert, const char *key, + const char *password); +bool set_server_cert_file(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert_path, + const char *key_path, const char *password); +bool set_client_ca_file(ctx_t ctx, const char *ca_file, const char *ca_dir); +void set_verify_client(ctx_t ctx, bool require); + +// Session management +session_t create_session(ctx_t ctx, socket_t sock); +void free_session(session_t session); +bool set_sni(session_t session, const char *hostname); +bool set_hostname(session_t session, const char *hostname); + +// Handshake (non-blocking capable) +TlsError connect(session_t session); +TlsError accept(session_t session); + +// Handshake with timeout (blocking until timeout) +bool connect_nonblocking(session_t session, socket_t sock, time_t timeout_sec, + time_t timeout_usec, TlsError *err); +bool accept_nonblocking(session_t session, socket_t sock, time_t timeout_sec, + time_t timeout_usec, TlsError *err); + +// I/O (non-blocking capable) +ssize_t read(session_t session, void *buf, size_t len, TlsError &err); +ssize_t write(session_t session, const void *buf, size_t len, TlsError &err); +int pending(const_session_t session); +void shutdown(session_t session, bool graceful); + +// Connection state +bool is_peer_closed(session_t session, socket_t sock); + +// Certificate verification +cert_t get_peer_cert(const_session_t session); +void free_cert(cert_t cert); +bool verify_hostname(cert_t cert, const char *hostname); +uint64_t hostname_mismatch_code(); +long get_verify_result(const_session_t session); + +// Certificate introspection +std::string get_cert_subject_cn(cert_t cert); +std::string get_cert_issuer_name(cert_t cert); +bool get_cert_sans(cert_t cert, std::vector &sans); +bool get_cert_validity(cert_t cert, time_t ¬_before, time_t ¬_after); +std::string get_cert_serial(cert_t cert); +bool get_cert_der(cert_t cert, std::vector &der); +const char *get_sni(const_session_t session); + +// CA store management +ca_store_t create_ca_store(const char *pem, size_t len); +void free_ca_store(ca_store_t store); +bool set_ca_store(ctx_t ctx, ca_store_t store); +size_t get_ca_certs(ctx_t ctx, std::vector &certs); +std::vector get_ca_names(ctx_t ctx); + +// Dynamic certificate update (for servers) +bool update_server_cert(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert_pem, const char *key_pem, + const char *password); +bool update_server_client_ca(ctx_t ctx, const char *ca_pem); + +// Certificate verification callback +bool set_verify_callback(ctx_t ctx, VerifyCallback callback); +long get_verify_error(const_session_t session); +std::string verify_error_string(long error_code); + +// TlsError information +uint64_t peek_error(); +uint64_t get_error(); +std::string error_string(uint64_t code); + +} // namespace tls +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + +/* + * Group 1: detail namespace - Non-SSL utilities + */ + +namespace detail { + +inline bool set_socket_opt_impl(socket_t sock, int level, int optname, + const void *optval, socklen_t optlen) { + return setsockopt(sock, level, optname, +#ifdef _WIN32 + reinterpret_cast(optval), +#else + optval, +#endif + optlen) == 0; +} + +inline bool set_socket_opt_time(socket_t sock, int level, int optname, + time_t sec, time_t usec) { +#ifdef _WIN32 + auto timeout = static_cast(sec * 1000 + usec / 1000); +#else + timeval timeout; + timeout.tv_sec = static_cast(sec); + timeout.tv_usec = static_cast(usec); +#endif + return set_socket_opt_impl(sock, level, optname, &timeout, sizeof(timeout)); +} + +inline bool is_hex(char c, int &v) { + if (isdigit(static_cast(c))) { + v = c - '0'; + return true; + } else if ('A' <= c && c <= 'F') { + v = c - 'A' + 10; + return true; + } else if ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') { + v = c - 'a' + 10; + return true; + } + return false; +} + +inline bool from_hex_to_i(const std::string &s, size_t i, size_t cnt, + int &val) { + if (i >= s.size()) { return false; } + + val = 0; + for (; cnt; i++, cnt--) { + if (!s[i]) { return false; } + auto v = 0; + if (is_hex(s[i], v)) { + val = val * 16 + v; + } else { + return false; + } + } + return true; +} + +inline std::string from_i_to_hex(size_t n) { + static const auto charset = "0123456789abcdef"; + std::string ret; + do { + ret = charset[n & 15] + ret; + n >>= 4; + } while (n > 0); + return ret; +} + +inline std::string compute_etag(const FileStat &fs) { + if (!fs.is_file()) { return std::string(); } + + // If mtime cannot be determined (negative value indicates an error + // or sentinel), do not generate an ETag. Returning a neutral / fixed + // value like 0 could collide with a real file that legitimately has + // mtime == 0 (epoch) and lead to misleading validators. + auto mtime_raw = fs.mtime(); + if (mtime_raw < 0) { return std::string(); } + + auto mtime = static_cast(mtime_raw); + auto size = fs.size(); + + return std::string("W/\"") + from_i_to_hex(mtime) + "-" + + from_i_to_hex(size) + "\""; +} + +// Format time_t as HTTP-date (RFC 9110 Section 5.6.7): "Sun, 06 Nov 1994 +// 08:49:37 GMT" This implementation is defensive: it validates `mtime`, checks +// return values from `gmtime_r`/`gmtime_s`, and ensures `strftime` succeeds. +inline std::string file_mtime_to_http_date(time_t mtime) { + if (mtime < 0) { return std::string(); } + + struct tm tm_buf; +#ifdef _WIN32 + if (gmtime_s(&tm_buf, &mtime) != 0) { return std::string(); } +#else + if (gmtime_r(&mtime, &tm_buf) == nullptr) { return std::string(); } +#endif + char buf[64]; + if (strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", &tm_buf) == 0) { + return std::string(); + } + + return std::string(buf); +} + +// Parse HTTP-date (RFC 9110 Section 5.6.7) to time_t. Returns -1 on failure. +inline time_t parse_http_date(const std::string &date_str) { + struct tm tm_buf; + + // Create a classic locale object once for all parsing attempts + const std::locale classic_locale = std::locale::classic(); + + // Try to parse using std::get_time (C++11, cross-platform) + auto try_parse = [&](const char *fmt) -> bool { + std::istringstream ss(date_str); + ss.imbue(classic_locale); + + memset(&tm_buf, 0, sizeof(tm_buf)); + ss >> std::get_time(&tm_buf, fmt); + + return !ss.fail(); + }; + + // RFC 9110 preferred format (HTTP-date): "Sun, 06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT" + if (!try_parse("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S")) { + // RFC 850 format: "Sunday, 06-Nov-94 08:49:37 GMT" + if (!try_parse("%A, %d-%b-%y %H:%M:%S")) { + // asctime format: "Sun Nov 6 08:49:37 1994" + if (!try_parse("%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y")) { + return static_cast(-1); + } + } + } + +#ifdef _WIN32 + return _mkgmtime(&tm_buf); +#elif defined _AIX + return mktime(&tm_buf); +#else + return timegm(&tm_buf); +#endif +} + +inline bool is_weak_etag(const std::string &s) { + // Check if the string is a weak ETag (starts with 'W/"') + return s.size() > 3 && s[0] == 'W' && s[1] == '/' && s[2] == '"'; +} + +inline bool is_strong_etag(const std::string &s) { + // Check if the string is a strong ETag (starts and ends with '"', at least 2 + // chars) + return s.size() >= 2 && s[0] == '"' && s.back() == '"'; +} + +inline size_t to_utf8(int code, char *buff) { + if (code < 0x0080) { + buff[0] = static_cast(code & 0x7F); + return 1; + } else if (code < 0x0800) { + buff[0] = static_cast(0xC0 | ((code >> 6) & 0x1F)); + buff[1] = static_cast(0x80 | (code & 0x3F)); + return 2; + } else if (code < 0xD800) { + buff[0] = static_cast(0xE0 | ((code >> 12) & 0xF)); + buff[1] = static_cast(0x80 | ((code >> 6) & 0x3F)); + buff[2] = static_cast(0x80 | (code & 0x3F)); + return 3; + } else if (code < 0xE000) { // D800 - DFFF is invalid... + return 0; + } else if (code < 0x10000) { + buff[0] = static_cast(0xE0 | ((code >> 12) & 0xF)); + buff[1] = static_cast(0x80 | ((code >> 6) & 0x3F)); + buff[2] = static_cast(0x80 | (code & 0x3F)); + return 3; + } else if (code < 0x110000) { + buff[0] = static_cast(0xF0 | ((code >> 18) & 0x7)); + buff[1] = static_cast(0x80 | ((code >> 12) & 0x3F)); + buff[2] = static_cast(0x80 | ((code >> 6) & 0x3F)); + buff[3] = static_cast(0x80 | (code & 0x3F)); + return 4; + } + + // NOTREACHED + return 0; +} + +} // namespace detail + +namespace ws { +namespace impl { + +inline bool is_valid_utf8(const std::string &s) { + size_t i = 0; + auto n = s.size(); + while (i < n) { + auto c = static_cast(s[i]); + size_t len; + uint32_t cp; + if (c < 0x80) { + i++; + continue; + } else if ((c & 0xE0) == 0xC0) { + len = 2; + cp = c & 0x1F; + } else if ((c & 0xF0) == 0xE0) { + len = 3; + cp = c & 0x0F; + } else if ((c & 0xF8) == 0xF0) { + len = 4; + cp = c & 0x07; + } else { + return false; + } + if (i + len > n) { return false; } + for (size_t j = 1; j < len; j++) { + auto b = static_cast(s[i + j]); + if ((b & 0xC0) != 0x80) { return false; } + cp = (cp << 6) | (b & 0x3F); + } + // Overlong encoding check + if (len == 2 && cp < 0x80) { return false; } + if (len == 3 && cp < 0x800) { return false; } + if (len == 4 && cp < 0x10000) { return false; } + // Surrogate halves (U+D800..U+DFFF) and beyond U+10FFFF are invalid + if (cp >= 0xD800 && cp <= 0xDFFF) { return false; } + if (cp > 0x10FFFF) { return false; } + i += len; + } + return true; +} + +} // namespace impl +} // namespace ws + +namespace detail { + +// NOTE: This code came up with the following stackoverflow post: +// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/180947/base64-decode-snippet-in-c +inline std::string base64_encode(const std::string &in) { + static const auto lookup = + "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"; + + std::string out; + out.reserve(in.size()); + + auto val = 0; + auto valb = -6; + + for (auto c : in) { + val = (val << 8) + static_cast(c); + valb += 8; + while (valb >= 0) { + out.push_back(lookup[(val >> valb) & 0x3F]); + valb -= 6; + } + } + + if (valb > -6) { out.push_back(lookup[((val << 8) >> (valb + 8)) & 0x3F]); } + + while (out.size() % 4) { + out.push_back('='); + } + + return out; +} + +inline std::string sha1(const std::string &input) { + // RFC 3174 SHA-1 implementation + auto left_rotate = [](uint32_t x, uint32_t n) -> uint32_t { + return (x << n) | (x >> (32 - n)); + }; + + uint32_t h0 = 0x67452301; + uint32_t h1 = 0xEFCDAB89; + uint32_t h2 = 0x98BADCFE; + uint32_t h3 = 0x10325476; + uint32_t h4 = 0xC3D2E1F0; + + // Pre-processing: adding padding bits + std::string msg = input; + uint64_t original_bit_len = static_cast(msg.size()) * 8; + msg.push_back(static_cast(0x80u)); + while (msg.size() % 64 != 56) { + msg.push_back(0); + } + + // Append original length in bits as 64-bit big-endian + for (int i = 56; i >= 0; i -= 8) { + msg.push_back(static_cast((original_bit_len >> i) & 0xFF)); + } + + // Process each 512-bit chunk + for (size_t offset = 0; offset < msg.size(); offset += 64) { + uint32_t w[80]; + + for (size_t i = 0; i < 16; i++) { + w[i] = + (static_cast(static_cast(msg[offset + i * 4])) + << 24) | + (static_cast(static_cast(msg[offset + i * 4 + 1])) + << 16) | + (static_cast(static_cast(msg[offset + i * 4 + 2])) + << 8) | + (static_cast( + static_cast(msg[offset + i * 4 + 3]))); + } + + for (int i = 16; i < 80; i++) { + w[i] = left_rotate(w[i - 3] ^ w[i - 8] ^ w[i - 14] ^ w[i - 16], 1); + } + + uint32_t a = h0, b = h1, c = h2, d = h3, e = h4; + + for (int i = 0; i < 80; i++) { + uint32_t f, k; + if (i < 20) { + f = (b & c) | ((~b) & d); + k = 0x5A827999; + } else if (i < 40) { + f = b ^ c ^ d; + k = 0x6ED9EBA1; + } else if (i < 60) { + f = (b & c) | (b & d) | (c & d); + k = 0x8F1BBCDC; + } else { + f = b ^ c ^ d; + k = 0xCA62C1D6; + } + + uint32_t temp = left_rotate(a, 5) + f + e + k + w[i]; + e = d; + d = c; + c = left_rotate(b, 30); + b = a; + a = temp; + } + + h0 += a; + h1 += b; + h2 += c; + h3 += d; + h4 += e; + } + + // Produce the final hash as a 20-byte binary string + std::string hash(20, '\0'); + for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) { + hash[i] = static_cast((h0 >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xFF); + hash[4 + i] = static_cast((h1 >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xFF); + hash[8 + i] = static_cast((h2 >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xFF); + hash[12 + i] = static_cast((h3 >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xFF); + hash[16 + i] = static_cast((h4 >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xFF); + } + return hash; +} + +inline std::string websocket_accept_key(const std::string &client_key) { + const std::string magic = "258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11"; + return base64_encode(sha1(client_key + magic)); +} + +inline bool is_websocket_upgrade(const Request &req) { + if (req.method != "GET") { return false; } + + // Check Upgrade: websocket (case-insensitive) + auto upgrade_it = req.headers.find("Upgrade"); + if (upgrade_it == req.headers.end()) { return false; } + auto upgrade_val = case_ignore::to_lower(upgrade_it->second); + if (upgrade_val != "websocket") { return false; } + + // Check Connection header contains "Upgrade" + auto connection_it = req.headers.find("Connection"); + if (connection_it == req.headers.end()) { return false; } + auto connection_val = case_ignore::to_lower(connection_it->second); + if (connection_val.find("upgrade") == std::string::npos) { return false; } + + // Check Sec-WebSocket-Key is a valid base64-encoded 16-byte value (24 chars) + // RFC 6455 Section 4.2.1 + auto ws_key = req.get_header_value("Sec-WebSocket-Key"); + if (ws_key.size() != 24 || ws_key[22] != '=' || ws_key[23] != '=') { + return false; + } + static const std::string b64chars = + "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"; + for (size_t i = 0; i < 22; i++) { + if (b64chars.find(ws_key[i]) == std::string::npos) { return false; } + } + + // Check Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13 + auto version = req.get_header_value("Sec-WebSocket-Version"); + if (version != "13") { return false; } + + return true; +} + +inline bool write_websocket_frame(Stream &strm, ws::Opcode opcode, + const char *data, size_t len, bool fin, + bool mask) { + // First byte: FIN + opcode + uint8_t header[2]; + header[0] = static_cast((fin ? 0x80 : 0x00) | + (static_cast(opcode) & 0x0F)); + + // Second byte: MASK + payload length + if (len < 126) { + header[1] = static_cast(len); + if (mask) { header[1] |= 0x80; } + if (strm.write(reinterpret_cast(header), 2) < 0) { return false; } + } else if (len <= 0xFFFF) { + header[1] = 126; + if (mask) { header[1] |= 0x80; } + if (strm.write(reinterpret_cast(header), 2) < 0) { return false; } + uint8_t ext[2]; + ext[0] = static_cast((len >> 8) & 0xFF); + ext[1] = static_cast(len & 0xFF); + if (strm.write(reinterpret_cast(ext), 2) < 0) { return false; } + } else { + header[1] = 127; + if (mask) { header[1] |= 0x80; } + if (strm.write(reinterpret_cast(header), 2) < 0) { return false; } + uint8_t ext[8]; + for (int i = 7; i >= 0; i--) { + ext[7 - i] = + static_cast((static_cast(len) >> (i * 8)) & 0xFF); + } + if (strm.write(reinterpret_cast(ext), 8) < 0) { return false; } + } + + if (mask) { + // Generate random mask key + thread_local std::mt19937 rng(std::random_device{}()); + uint8_t mask_key[4]; + auto r = rng(); + std::memcpy(mask_key, &r, 4); + if (strm.write(reinterpret_cast(mask_key), 4) < 0) { return false; } + + // Write masked payload in chunks + const size_t chunk_size = 4096; + std::vector buf((std::min)(len, chunk_size)); + for (size_t offset = 0; offset < len; offset += chunk_size) { + size_t n = (std::min)(chunk_size, len - offset); + for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) { + buf[i] = + data[offset + i] ^ static_cast(mask_key[(offset + i) % 4]); + } + if (strm.write(buf.data(), n) < 0) { return false; } + } + } else { + if (len > 0) { + if (strm.write(data, len) < 0) { return false; } + } + } + + return true; +} + +} // namespace detail + +namespace ws { +namespace impl { + +inline bool read_websocket_frame(Stream &strm, Opcode &opcode, + std::string &payload, bool &fin, + bool expect_masked, size_t max_len) { + // Read first 2 bytes + uint8_t header[2]; + if (strm.read(reinterpret_cast(header), 2) != 2) { return false; } + + fin = (header[0] & 0x80) != 0; + + // RSV1, RSV2, RSV3 must be 0 when no extension is negotiated + if (header[0] & 0x70) { return false; } + + opcode = static_cast(header[0] & 0x0F); + bool masked = (header[1] & 0x80) != 0; + uint64_t payload_len = header[1] & 0x7F; + + // RFC 6455 Section 5.5: control frames MUST NOT be fragmented and + // MUST have a payload length of 125 bytes or less + bool is_control = (static_cast(opcode) & 0x08) != 0; + if (is_control) { + if (!fin) { return false; } + if (payload_len > 125) { return false; } + } + + if (masked != expect_masked) { return false; } + + // Extended payload length + if (payload_len == 126) { + uint8_t ext[2]; + if (strm.read(reinterpret_cast(ext), 2) != 2) { return false; } + payload_len = (static_cast(ext[0]) << 8) | ext[1]; + } else if (payload_len == 127) { + uint8_t ext[8]; + if (strm.read(reinterpret_cast(ext), 8) != 8) { return false; } + // RFC 6455 Section 5.2: the most significant bit MUST be 0 + if (ext[0] & 0x80) { return false; } + payload_len = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) { + payload_len = (payload_len << 8) | ext[i]; + } + } + + if (payload_len > max_len) { return false; } + + // Read mask key if present + uint8_t mask_key[4] = {0}; + if (masked) { + if (strm.read(reinterpret_cast(mask_key), 4) != 4) { return false; } + } + + // Read payload + payload.resize(static_cast(payload_len)); + if (payload_len > 0) { + size_t total_read = 0; + while (total_read < payload_len) { + auto n = strm.read(&payload[total_read], + static_cast(payload_len - total_read)); + if (n <= 0) { return false; } + total_read += static_cast(n); + } + } + + // Unmask if needed + if (masked) { + for (size_t i = 0; i < payload.size(); i++) { + payload[i] ^= static_cast(mask_key[i % 4]); + } + } + + return true; +} + +} // namespace impl +} // namespace ws + +namespace detail { + +inline bool is_valid_path(const std::string &path) { + size_t level = 0; + size_t i = 0; + + // Skip slash + while (i < path.size() && path[i] == '/') { + i++; + } + + while (i < path.size()) { + // Read component + auto beg = i; + while (i < path.size() && path[i] != '/') { + if (path[i] == '\0') { + return false; + } else if (path[i] == '\\') { + return false; + } + i++; + } + + auto len = i - beg; + assert(len > 0); + + if (!path.compare(beg, len, ".")) { + ; + } else if (!path.compare(beg, len, "..")) { + if (level == 0) { return false; } + level--; + } else { + level++; + } + + // Skip slash + while (i < path.size() && path[i] == '/') { + i++; + } + } + + return true; +} + +inline bool canonicalize_path(const char *path, std::string &resolved) { +#if defined(_WIN32) + char buf[_MAX_PATH]; + if (_fullpath(buf, path, _MAX_PATH) == nullptr) { return false; } + resolved = buf; +#elif defined(PATH_MAX) + char buf[PATH_MAX]; + if (realpath(path, buf) == nullptr) { return false; } + resolved = buf; +#else + auto buf = realpath(path, nullptr); + auto guard = scope_exit([&]() { std::free(buf); }); + if (buf == nullptr) { return false; } + resolved = buf; +#endif + return true; +} + +inline bool is_path_within_base(const std::string &resolved_path, + const std::string &resolved_base) { +#if defined(_WIN32) + return _strnicmp(resolved_path.c_str(), resolved_base.c_str(), + resolved_base.size()) == 0; +#else + return strncmp(resolved_path.c_str(), resolved_base.c_str(), + resolved_base.size()) == 0; +#endif +} + +inline FileStat::FileStat(const std::string &path) { +#if defined(_WIN32) + auto wpath = u8string_to_wstring(path.c_str()); + ret_ = _wstat(wpath.c_str(), &st_); +#else + ret_ = stat(path.c_str(), &st_); +#endif +} +inline bool FileStat::is_file() const { + return ret_ >= 0 && S_ISREG(st_.st_mode); +} +inline bool FileStat::is_dir() const { + return ret_ >= 0 && S_ISDIR(st_.st_mode); +} + +inline time_t FileStat::mtime() const { + return ret_ >= 0 ? static_cast(st_.st_mtime) + : static_cast(-1); +} + +inline size_t FileStat::size() const { + return ret_ >= 0 ? static_cast(st_.st_size) : 0; +} + +inline std::string encode_path(const std::string &s) { + std::string result; + result.reserve(s.size()); + + for (size_t i = 0; s[i]; i++) { + switch (s[i]) { + case ' ': result += "%20"; break; + case '+': result += "%2B"; break; + case '\r': result += "%0D"; break; + case '\n': result += "%0A"; break; + case '\'': result += "%27"; break; + case ',': result += "%2C"; break; + // case ':': result += "%3A"; break; // ok? probably... + case ';': result += "%3B"; break; + default: + auto c = static_cast(s[i]); + if (c >= 0x80) { + result += '%'; + char hex[4]; + auto len = snprintf(hex, sizeof(hex) - 1, "%02X", c); + assert(len == 2); + result.append(hex, static_cast(len)); + } else { + result += s[i]; + } + break; + } + } + + return result; +} + +inline std::string file_extension(const std::string &path) { + std::smatch m; + thread_local auto re = std::regex("\\.([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$"); + if (std::regex_search(path, m, re)) { return m[1].str(); } + return std::string(); +} + +inline bool is_space_or_tab(char c) { return c == ' ' || c == '\t'; } + +template +inline bool parse_header(const char *beg, const char *end, T fn); + +template +inline bool parse_header(const char *beg, const char *end, T fn) { + // Skip trailing spaces and tabs. + while (beg < end && is_space_or_tab(end[-1])) { + end--; + } + + auto p = beg; + while (p < end && *p != ':') { + p++; + } + + auto name = std::string(beg, p); + if (!detail::fields::is_field_name(name)) { return false; } + + if (p == end) { return false; } + + auto key_end = p; + + if (*p++ != ':') { return false; } + + while (p < end && is_space_or_tab(*p)) { + p++; + } + + if (p <= end) { + auto key_len = key_end - beg; + if (!key_len) { return false; } + + auto key = std::string(beg, key_end); + auto val = std::string(p, end); + + if (!detail::fields::is_field_value(val)) { return false; } + + // RFC 9110 §5.5: header field values are opaque octets and MUST NOT be + // percent-decoded by the recipient. Applications that need to interpret a + // value as a URI component should call httplib::decode_uri_component() + // (or decode_path_component()) explicitly. + fn(key, val); + + return true; + } + + return false; +} + +inline bool parse_trailers(stream_line_reader &line_reader, Headers &dest, + const Headers &src_headers) { + // NOTE: In RFC 9112, '7.1 Chunked Transfer Coding' mentions "The chunked + // transfer coding is complete when a chunk with a chunk-size of zero is + // received, possibly followed by a trailer section, and finally terminated by + // an empty line". https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9112.html#section-7.1 + // + // In '7.1.3. Decoding Chunked', however, the pseudo-code in the section + // doesn't care for the existence of the final CRLF. In other words, it seems + // to be ok whether the final CRLF exists or not in the chunked data. + // https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9112.html#section-7.1.3 + // + // According to the reference code in RFC 9112, cpp-httplib now allows + // chunked transfer coding data without the final CRLF. + + // RFC 7230 Section 4.1.2 - Headers prohibited in trailers + thread_local case_ignore::unordered_set prohibited_trailers = { + "transfer-encoding", + "content-length", + "host", + "authorization", + "www-authenticate", + "proxy-authenticate", + "proxy-authorization", + "cookie", + "set-cookie", + "cache-control", + "expect", + "max-forwards", + "pragma", + "range", + "te", + "age", + "expires", + "date", + "location", + "retry-after", + "vary", + "warning", + "content-encoding", + "content-type", + "content-range", + "trailer"}; + + case_ignore::unordered_set declared_trailers; + auto trailer_header = get_header_value(src_headers, "Trailer", "", 0); + if (trailer_header && std::strlen(trailer_header)) { + auto len = std::strlen(trailer_header); + split(trailer_header, trailer_header + len, ',', + [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + const char *kbeg = b; + const char *kend = e; + while (kbeg < kend && (*kbeg == ' ' || *kbeg == '\t')) { + ++kbeg; + } + while (kend > kbeg && (kend[-1] == ' ' || kend[-1] == '\t')) { + --kend; + } + std::string key(kbeg, static_cast(kend - kbeg)); + if (!key.empty() && + prohibited_trailers.find(key) == prohibited_trailers.end()) { + declared_trailers.insert(key); + } + }); + } + + size_t trailer_header_count = 0; + while (strcmp(line_reader.ptr(), "\r\n") != 0) { + if (line_reader.size() > CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_LENGTH) { return false; } + if (trailer_header_count >= CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_COUNT) { return false; } + + constexpr auto line_terminator_len = 2; + auto line_beg = line_reader.ptr(); + auto line_end = + line_reader.ptr() + line_reader.size() - line_terminator_len; + + if (!parse_header(line_beg, line_end, + [&](const std::string &key, const std::string &val) { + if (declared_trailers.find(key) != + declared_trailers.end()) { + dest.emplace(key, val); + trailer_header_count++; + } + })) { + return false; + } + + if (!line_reader.getline()) { return false; } + } + + return true; +} + +inline std::pair trim(const char *b, const char *e, size_t left, + size_t right) { + while (b + left < e && is_space_or_tab(b[left])) { + left++; + } + while (right > 0 && is_space_or_tab(b[right - 1])) { + right--; + } + return std::make_pair(left, right); +} + +inline std::string trim_copy(const std::string &s) { + auto r = trim(s.data(), s.data() + s.size(), 0, s.size()); + return s.substr(r.first, r.second - r.first); +} + +inline std::string trim_double_quotes_copy(const std::string &s) { + if (s.length() >= 2 && s.front() == '"' && s.back() == '"') { + return s.substr(1, s.size() - 2); + } + return s; +} + +inline void +divide(const char *data, std::size_t size, char d, + std::function + fn) { + const auto it = std::find(data, data + size, d); + const auto found = static_cast(it != data + size); + const auto lhs_data = data; + const auto lhs_size = static_cast(it - data); + const auto rhs_data = it + found; + const auto rhs_size = size - lhs_size - found; + + fn(lhs_data, lhs_size, rhs_data, rhs_size); +} + +inline void +divide(const std::string &str, char d, + std::function + fn) { + divide(str.data(), str.size(), d, std::move(fn)); +} + +inline void split(const char *b, const char *e, char d, + std::function fn) { + return split(b, e, d, (std::numeric_limits::max)(), std::move(fn)); +} + +inline void split(const char *b, const char *e, char d, size_t m, + std::function fn) { + size_t i = 0; + size_t beg = 0; + size_t count = 1; + + while (e ? (b + i < e) : (b[i] != '\0')) { + if (b[i] == d && count < m) { + auto r = trim(b, e, beg, i); + if (r.first < r.second) { fn(&b[r.first], &b[r.second]); } + beg = i + 1; + count++; + } + i++; + } + + if (i) { + auto r = trim(b, e, beg, i); + if (r.first < r.second) { fn(&b[r.first], &b[r.second]); } + } +} + +inline bool split_find(const char *b, const char *e, char d, size_t m, + std::function fn) { + size_t i = 0; + size_t beg = 0; + size_t count = 1; + + while (e ? (b + i < e) : (b[i] != '\0')) { + if (b[i] == d && count < m) { + auto r = trim(b, e, beg, i); + if (r.first < r.second) { + auto found = fn(&b[r.first], &b[r.second]); + if (found) { return true; } + } + beg = i + 1; + count++; + } + i++; + } + + if (i) { + auto r = trim(b, e, beg, i); + if (r.first < r.second) { + auto found = fn(&b[r.first], &b[r.second]); + if (found) { return true; } + } + } + + return false; +} + +inline bool split_find(const char *b, const char *e, char d, + std::function fn) { + return split_find(b, e, d, (std::numeric_limits::max)(), + std::move(fn)); +} + +inline stream_line_reader::stream_line_reader(Stream &strm, char *fixed_buffer, + size_t fixed_buffer_size) + : strm_(strm), fixed_buffer_(fixed_buffer), + fixed_buffer_size_(fixed_buffer_size) {} + +inline const char *stream_line_reader::ptr() const { + if (growable_buffer_.empty()) { + return fixed_buffer_; + } else { + return growable_buffer_.data(); + } +} + +inline size_t stream_line_reader::size() const { + if (growable_buffer_.empty()) { + return fixed_buffer_used_size_; + } else { + return growable_buffer_.size(); + } +} + +inline bool stream_line_reader::end_with_crlf() const { + auto end = ptr() + size(); + return size() >= 2 && end[-2] == '\r' && end[-1] == '\n'; +} + +inline bool stream_line_reader::getline() { + fixed_buffer_used_size_ = 0; + growable_buffer_.clear(); + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_ALLOW_LF_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR + char prev_byte = 0; +#endif + + for (size_t i = 0;; i++) { + if (size() >= CPPHTTPLIB_MAX_LINE_LENGTH) { + // Treat exceptionally long lines as an error to + // prevent infinite loops/memory exhaustion + return false; + } + char byte; + auto n = strm_.read(&byte, 1); + + if (n < 0) { + return false; + } else if (n == 0) { + if (i == 0) { + return false; + } else { + break; + } + } + + append(byte); + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ALLOW_LF_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR + if (byte == '\n') { break; } +#else + if (prev_byte == '\r' && byte == '\n') { break; } + prev_byte = byte; +#endif + } + + return true; +} + +inline void stream_line_reader::append(char c) { + if (fixed_buffer_used_size_ < fixed_buffer_size_ - 1) { + fixed_buffer_[fixed_buffer_used_size_++] = c; + fixed_buffer_[fixed_buffer_used_size_] = '\0'; + } else { + if (growable_buffer_.empty()) { + assert(fixed_buffer_[fixed_buffer_used_size_] == '\0'); + growable_buffer_.assign(fixed_buffer_, fixed_buffer_used_size_); + } + growable_buffer_ += c; + } +} + +inline mmap::mmap(const char *path) { open(path); } + +inline mmap::~mmap() { close(); } + +inline bool mmap::open(const char *path) { + close(); + +#if defined(_WIN32) + auto wpath = u8string_to_wstring(path); + if (wpath.empty()) { return false; } + + hFile_ = + ::CreateFile2(wpath.c_str(), GENERIC_READ, + FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, OPEN_EXISTING, NULL); + + if (hFile_ == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) { return false; } + + LARGE_INTEGER size{}; + if (!::GetFileSizeEx(hFile_, &size)) { return false; } + // If the following line doesn't compile due to QuadPart, update Windows SDK. + // See: + // https://github.com/yhirose/cpp-httplib/issues/1903#issuecomment-2316520721 + if (static_cast(size.QuadPart) > + (std::numeric_limits::max)()) { + // `size_t` might be 32-bits, on 32-bits Windows. + return false; + } + size_ = static_cast(size.QuadPart); + + hMapping_ = + ::CreateFileMappingFromApp(hFile_, NULL, PAGE_READONLY, size_, NULL); + + // Special treatment for an empty file... + if (hMapping_ == NULL && size_ == 0) { + close(); + is_open_empty_file = true; + return true; + } + + if (hMapping_ == NULL) { + close(); + return false; + } + + addr_ = ::MapViewOfFileFromApp(hMapping_, FILE_MAP_READ, 0, 0); + + if (addr_ == nullptr) { + close(); + return false; + } +#else + fd_ = ::open(path, O_RDONLY); + if (fd_ == -1) { return false; } + + struct stat sb; + if (fstat(fd_, &sb) == -1) { + close(); + return false; + } + size_ = static_cast(sb.st_size); + + addr_ = ::mmap(NULL, size_, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd_, 0); + + // Special treatment for an empty file... + if (addr_ == MAP_FAILED && size_ == 0) { + close(); + is_open_empty_file = true; + return false; + } +#endif + + return true; +} + +inline bool mmap::is_open() const { + return is_open_empty_file ? true : addr_ != nullptr; +} + +inline size_t mmap::size() const { return size_; } + +inline const char *mmap::data() const { + return is_open_empty_file ? "" : static_cast(addr_); +} + +inline void mmap::close() { +#if defined(_WIN32) + if (addr_) { + ::UnmapViewOfFile(addr_); + addr_ = nullptr; + } + + if (hMapping_) { + ::CloseHandle(hMapping_); + hMapping_ = NULL; + } + + if (hFile_ != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) { + ::CloseHandle(hFile_); + hFile_ = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE; + } + + is_open_empty_file = false; +#else + if (addr_ != nullptr) { + munmap(addr_, size_); + addr_ = nullptr; + } + + if (fd_ != -1) { + ::close(fd_); + fd_ = -1; + } +#endif + size_ = 0; +} +inline int close_socket(socket_t sock) noexcept { +#ifdef _WIN32 + return closesocket(sock); +#else + return close(sock); +#endif +} + +template inline ssize_t handle_EINTR(T fn) { + ssize_t res = 0; + while (true) { + res = fn(); + if (res < 0 && errno == EINTR) { + std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::microseconds{1}); + continue; + } + break; + } + return res; +} + +inline ssize_t read_socket(socket_t sock, void *ptr, size_t size, int flags) { + return handle_EINTR([&]() { + return recv(sock, +#ifdef _WIN32 + static_cast(ptr), static_cast(size), +#else + ptr, size, +#endif + flags); + }); +} + +inline ssize_t send_socket(socket_t sock, const void *ptr, size_t size, + int flags) { + return handle_EINTR([&]() { + return send(sock, +#ifdef _WIN32 + static_cast(ptr), static_cast(size), +#else + ptr, size, +#endif + flags); + }); +} + +inline int poll_wrapper(struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds, int timeout) { +#ifdef _WIN32 + return ::WSAPoll(fds, nfds, timeout); +#else + return ::poll(fds, nfds, timeout); +#endif +} + +inline ssize_t select_impl(socket_t sock, short events, time_t sec, + time_t usec) { + struct pollfd pfd; + pfd.fd = sock; + pfd.events = events; + pfd.revents = 0; + + auto timeout = static_cast(sec * 1000 + usec / 1000); + + return handle_EINTR([&]() { return poll_wrapper(&pfd, 1, timeout); }); +} + +inline ssize_t select_read(socket_t sock, time_t sec, time_t usec) { + return select_impl(sock, POLLIN, sec, usec); +} + +inline ssize_t select_write(socket_t sock, time_t sec, time_t usec) { + return select_impl(sock, POLLOUT, sec, usec); +} + +inline Error wait_until_socket_is_ready(socket_t sock, time_t sec, + time_t usec) { + struct pollfd pfd_read; + pfd_read.fd = sock; + pfd_read.events = POLLIN | POLLOUT; + pfd_read.revents = 0; + + auto timeout = static_cast(sec * 1000 + usec / 1000); + + auto poll_res = + handle_EINTR([&]() { return poll_wrapper(&pfd_read, 1, timeout); }); + + if (poll_res == 0) { return Error::ConnectionTimeout; } + + if (poll_res > 0 && pfd_read.revents & (POLLIN | POLLOUT)) { + auto error = 0; + socklen_t len = sizeof(error); + auto res = getsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, + reinterpret_cast(&error), &len); + auto successful = res >= 0 && !error; + return successful ? Error::Success : Error::Connection; + } + + return Error::Connection; +} + +inline bool is_socket_alive(socket_t sock) { + const auto val = detail::select_read(sock, 0, 0); + if (val == 0) { + return true; + } else if (val < 0 && errno == EBADF) { + return false; + } + char buf[1]; + return detail::read_socket(sock, &buf[0], sizeof(buf), MSG_PEEK) > 0; +} + +class SocketStream final : public Stream { +public: + SocketStream(socket_t sock, time_t read_timeout_sec, time_t read_timeout_usec, + time_t write_timeout_sec, time_t write_timeout_usec, + time_t max_timeout_msec = 0, + std::chrono::time_point start_time = + (std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point::min)()); + ~SocketStream() override; + + bool is_readable() const override; + bool wait_readable() const override; + bool wait_writable() const override; + bool is_peer_alive() const override; + ssize_t read(char *ptr, size_t size) override; + ssize_t write(const char *ptr, size_t size) override; + void get_remote_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, int &port) const override; + void get_local_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, int &port) const override; + socket_t socket() const override; + time_t duration() const override; + void set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0) override; + +private: + socket_t sock_; + time_t read_timeout_sec_; + time_t read_timeout_usec_; + time_t write_timeout_sec_; + time_t write_timeout_usec_; + time_t max_timeout_msec_; + const std::chrono::time_point start_time_; + + std::vector read_buff_; + size_t read_buff_off_ = 0; + size_t read_buff_content_size_ = 0; + + static const size_t read_buff_size_ = 1024l * 4; +}; + +inline bool keep_alive(const std::atomic &svr_sock, socket_t sock, + time_t keep_alive_timeout_sec) { + using namespace std::chrono; + + const auto interval_usec = + CPPHTTPLIB_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_CHECK_INTERVAL_USECOND; + + // Avoid expensive `steady_clock::now()` call for the first time + if (select_read(sock, 0, interval_usec) > 0) { return true; } + + const auto start = steady_clock::now() - microseconds{interval_usec}; + const auto timeout = seconds{keep_alive_timeout_sec}; + + while (true) { + if (svr_sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { + break; // Server socket is closed + } + + auto val = select_read(sock, 0, interval_usec); + if (val < 0) { + break; // Ssocket error + } else if (val == 0) { + if (steady_clock::now() - start > timeout) { + break; // Timeout + } + } else { + return true; // Ready for read + } + } + + return false; +} + +template +inline bool +process_server_socket_core(const std::atomic &svr_sock, socket_t sock, + size_t keep_alive_max_count, + time_t keep_alive_timeout_sec, T callback) { + assert(keep_alive_max_count > 0); + auto ret = false; + auto count = keep_alive_max_count; + while (count > 0 && keep_alive(svr_sock, sock, keep_alive_timeout_sec)) { + auto close_connection = count == 1; + auto connection_closed = false; + ret = callback(close_connection, connection_closed); + if (!ret || connection_closed) { break; } + count--; + } + return ret; +} + +template +inline bool +process_server_socket(const std::atomic &svr_sock, socket_t sock, + size_t keep_alive_max_count, + time_t keep_alive_timeout_sec, time_t read_timeout_sec, + time_t read_timeout_usec, time_t write_timeout_sec, + time_t write_timeout_usec, T callback) { + return process_server_socket_core( + svr_sock, sock, keep_alive_max_count, keep_alive_timeout_sec, + [&](bool close_connection, bool &connection_closed) { + SocketStream strm(sock, read_timeout_sec, read_timeout_usec, + write_timeout_sec, write_timeout_usec); + return callback(strm, close_connection, connection_closed); + }); +} + +inline bool process_client_socket( + socket_t sock, time_t read_timeout_sec, time_t read_timeout_usec, + time_t write_timeout_sec, time_t write_timeout_usec, + time_t max_timeout_msec, + std::chrono::time_point start_time, + std::function callback) { + SocketStream strm(sock, read_timeout_sec, read_timeout_usec, + write_timeout_sec, write_timeout_usec, max_timeout_msec, + start_time); + return callback(strm); +} + +inline int shutdown_socket(socket_t sock) noexcept { +#ifdef _WIN32 + return shutdown(sock, SD_BOTH); +#else + return shutdown(sock, SHUT_RDWR); +#endif +} + +inline std::string escape_abstract_namespace_unix_domain(const std::string &s) { + if (s.size() > 1 && s[0] == '\0') { + auto ret = s; + ret[0] = '@'; + return ret; + } + return s; +} + +inline std::string +unescape_abstract_namespace_unix_domain(const std::string &s) { + if (s.size() > 1 && s[0] == '@') { + auto ret = s; + ret[0] = '\0'; + return ret; + } + return s; +} + +inline int getaddrinfo_with_timeout(const char *node, const char *service, + const struct addrinfo *hints, + struct addrinfo **res, time_t timeout_sec) { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_USE_NON_BLOCKING_GETADDRINFO + if (timeout_sec <= 0) { + // No timeout specified, use standard getaddrinfo + return getaddrinfo(node, service, hints, res); + } + +#ifdef _WIN32 + // Windows-specific implementation using GetAddrInfoEx with overlapped I/O + OVERLAPPED overlapped = {}; + HANDLE event = CreateEventW(nullptr, TRUE, FALSE, nullptr); + if (!event) { return EAI_FAIL; } + + overlapped.hEvent = event; + + PADDRINFOEXW result_addrinfo = nullptr; + HANDLE cancel_handle = nullptr; + + ADDRINFOEXW hints_ex = {}; + if (hints) { + hints_ex.ai_flags = hints->ai_flags; + hints_ex.ai_family = hints->ai_family; + hints_ex.ai_socktype = hints->ai_socktype; + hints_ex.ai_protocol = hints->ai_protocol; + } + + auto wnode = u8string_to_wstring(node); + auto wservice = u8string_to_wstring(service); + + auto ret = ::GetAddrInfoExW(wnode.data(), wservice.data(), NS_DNS, nullptr, + hints ? &hints_ex : nullptr, &result_addrinfo, + nullptr, &overlapped, nullptr, &cancel_handle); + + if (ret == WSA_IO_PENDING) { + auto wait_result = + ::WaitForSingleObject(event, static_cast(timeout_sec * 1000)); + if (wait_result == WAIT_TIMEOUT) { + if (cancel_handle) { ::GetAddrInfoExCancel(&cancel_handle); } + ::CloseHandle(event); + return EAI_AGAIN; + } + + DWORD bytes_returned; + if (!::GetOverlappedResult((HANDLE)INVALID_SOCKET, &overlapped, + &bytes_returned, FALSE)) { + ::CloseHandle(event); + return ::WSAGetLastError(); + } + } + + ::CloseHandle(event); + + if (ret == NO_ERROR || ret == WSA_IO_PENDING) { + *res = reinterpret_cast(result_addrinfo); + return 0; + } + + return ret; +#elif TARGET_OS_MAC && defined(__clang__) + if (!node) { return EAI_NONAME; } + // macOS implementation using CFHost API for asynchronous DNS resolution + CFStringRef hostname_ref = CFStringCreateWithCString( + kCFAllocatorDefault, node, kCFStringEncodingUTF8); + if (!hostname_ref) { return EAI_MEMORY; } + + CFHostRef host_ref = CFHostCreateWithName(kCFAllocatorDefault, hostname_ref); + CFRelease(hostname_ref); + if (!host_ref) { return EAI_MEMORY; } + + // Set up context for callback + struct CFHostContext { + bool completed = false; + bool success = false; + CFArrayRef addresses = nullptr; + std::mutex mutex; + std::condition_variable cv; + } context; + + CFHostClientContext client_context; + memset(&client_context, 0, sizeof(client_context)); + client_context.info = &context; + + // Set callback + auto callback = [](CFHostRef theHost, CFHostInfoType /*typeInfo*/, + const CFStreamError *error, void *info) { + auto ctx = static_cast(info); + std::lock_guard lock(ctx->mutex); + + if (error && error->error != 0) { + ctx->success = false; + } else { + Boolean hasBeenResolved; + ctx->addresses = CFHostGetAddressing(theHost, &hasBeenResolved); + if (ctx->addresses && hasBeenResolved) { + CFRetain(ctx->addresses); + ctx->success = true; + } else { + ctx->success = false; + } + } + ctx->completed = true; + ctx->cv.notify_one(); + }; + + if (!CFHostSetClient(host_ref, callback, &client_context)) { + CFRelease(host_ref); + return EAI_SYSTEM; + } + + // Schedule on run loop + CFRunLoopRef run_loop = CFRunLoopGetCurrent(); + CFHostScheduleWithRunLoop(host_ref, run_loop, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode); + + // Start resolution + CFStreamError stream_error; + if (!CFHostStartInfoResolution(host_ref, kCFHostAddresses, &stream_error)) { + CFHostUnscheduleFromRunLoop(host_ref, run_loop, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode); + CFRelease(host_ref); + return EAI_FAIL; + } + + // Wait for completion with timeout + auto timeout_time = + std::chrono::steady_clock::now() + std::chrono::seconds(timeout_sec); + bool timed_out = false; + + { + std::unique_lock lock(context.mutex); + + while (!context.completed) { + auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + if (now >= timeout_time) { + timed_out = true; + break; + } + + // Run the runloop for a short time + lock.unlock(); + CFRunLoopRunInMode(kCFRunLoopDefaultMode, 0.1, true); + lock.lock(); + } + } + + // Clean up + CFHostUnscheduleFromRunLoop(host_ref, run_loop, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode); + CFHostSetClient(host_ref, nullptr, nullptr); + + if (timed_out || !context.completed) { + CFHostCancelInfoResolution(host_ref, kCFHostAddresses); + CFRelease(host_ref); + return EAI_AGAIN; + } + + if (!context.success || !context.addresses) { + CFRelease(host_ref); + return EAI_NODATA; + } + + // Convert CFArray to addrinfo + CFIndex count = CFArrayGetCount(context.addresses); + if (count == 0) { + CFRelease(context.addresses); + CFRelease(host_ref); + return EAI_NODATA; + } + + struct addrinfo *result_addrinfo = nullptr; + struct addrinfo **current = &result_addrinfo; + + for (CFIndex i = 0; i < count; i++) { + CFDataRef addr_data = + static_cast(CFArrayGetValueAtIndex(context.addresses, i)); + if (!addr_data) continue; + + const struct sockaddr *sockaddr_ptr = + reinterpret_cast(CFDataGetBytePtr(addr_data)); + socklen_t sockaddr_len = static_cast(CFDataGetLength(addr_data)); + + // Allocate addrinfo structure + *current = static_cast(malloc(sizeof(struct addrinfo))); + if (!*current) { + freeaddrinfo(result_addrinfo); + CFRelease(context.addresses); + CFRelease(host_ref); + return EAI_MEMORY; + } + + memset(*current, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo)); + + // Set up addrinfo fields + (*current)->ai_family = sockaddr_ptr->sa_family; + (*current)->ai_socktype = hints ? hints->ai_socktype : SOCK_STREAM; + (*current)->ai_protocol = hints ? hints->ai_protocol : IPPROTO_TCP; + (*current)->ai_addrlen = sockaddr_len; + + // Copy sockaddr + (*current)->ai_addr = static_cast(malloc(sockaddr_len)); + if (!(*current)->ai_addr) { + freeaddrinfo(result_addrinfo); + CFRelease(context.addresses); + CFRelease(host_ref); + return EAI_MEMORY; + } + memcpy((*current)->ai_addr, sockaddr_ptr, sockaddr_len); + + // Set port if service is specified + if (service && *service) { + int port = 0; + if (parse_port(service, strlen(service), port)) { + if (sockaddr_ptr->sa_family == AF_INET) { + reinterpret_cast((*current)->ai_addr) + ->sin_port = htons(static_cast(port)); + } else if (sockaddr_ptr->sa_family == AF_INET6) { + reinterpret_cast((*current)->ai_addr) + ->sin6_port = htons(static_cast(port)); + } + } + } + + current = &((*current)->ai_next); + } + + CFRelease(context.addresses); + CFRelease(host_ref); + + *res = result_addrinfo; + return 0; +#elif defined(_GNU_SOURCE) && defined(__GLIBC__) && \ + (__GLIBC__ > 2 || (__GLIBC__ == 2 && __GLIBC_MINOR__ >= 2)) + // #2431: gai_cancel() is non-blocking and may return EAI_NOTCANCELED while + // the resolver worker still references the stack-local gaicb. The cancel + // path therefore waits (gai_suspend with no timeout) for the worker to + // actually finish before letting the stack frame go. The trade-off is that + // a wedged DNS server can hold this thread for the system resolver timeout + // (~30s by default) past the caller's connection timeout. + struct gaicb request {}; + struct gaicb *requests[1] = {&request}; + struct sigevent sevp {}; + struct timespec timeout { + timeout_sec, 0 + }; + + request.ar_name = node; + request.ar_service = service; + request.ar_request = hints; + sevp.sigev_notify = SIGEV_NONE; + + int rc = getaddrinfo_a(GAI_NOWAIT, requests, 1, &sevp); + if (rc != 0) { return rc; } + + auto cleanup = scope_exit([&] { + if (request.ar_result) { freeaddrinfo(request.ar_result); } + }); + + int wait_result = gai_suspend(requests, 1, &timeout); + + if (wait_result == 0 || wait_result == EAI_ALLDONE) { + int gai_result = gai_error(&request); + if (gai_result == 0) { + *res = request.ar_result; + request.ar_result = nullptr; + return 0; + } + return gai_result; + } + + gai_cancel(&request); + while (gai_error(&request) == EAI_INPROGRESS) { + gai_suspend(requests, 1, nullptr); + } + return wait_result; +#else + // Fallback implementation using thread-based timeout for other Unix systems. + + struct GetAddrInfoState { + ~GetAddrInfoState() { + if (info) { freeaddrinfo(info); } + } + + std::mutex mutex; + std::condition_variable result_cv; + bool completed = false; + int result = EAI_SYSTEM; + std::string node; + std::string service; + struct addrinfo hints; + struct addrinfo *info = nullptr; + }; + + // Allocate on the heap, so the resolver thread can keep using the data. + auto state = std::make_shared(); + if (node) { state->node = node; } + state->service = service; + state->hints = *hints; + + std::thread resolve_thread([state]() { + auto thread_result = + getaddrinfo(state->node.c_str(), state->service.c_str(), &state->hints, + &state->info); + + std::lock_guard lock(state->mutex); + state->result = thread_result; + state->completed = true; + state->result_cv.notify_one(); + }); + + // Wait for completion or timeout + std::unique_lock lock(state->mutex); + auto finished = + state->result_cv.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::seconds(timeout_sec), + [&] { return state->completed; }); + + if (finished) { + // Operation completed within timeout + resolve_thread.join(); + *res = state->info; + state->info = nullptr; // Pass ownership to caller + return state->result; + } else { + // Timeout occurred + resolve_thread.detach(); // Let the thread finish in background + return EAI_AGAIN; // Return timeout error + } +#endif +#else + (void)(timeout_sec); // Unused parameter for non-blocking getaddrinfo + return getaddrinfo(node, service, hints, res); +#endif +} + +template +socket_t create_socket(const std::string &host, const std::string &ip, int port, + int address_family, int socket_flags, bool tcp_nodelay, + bool ipv6_v6only, SocketOptions socket_options, + BindOrConnect bind_or_connect, time_t timeout_sec = 0) { + // Get address info + const char *node = nullptr; + struct addrinfo hints; + struct addrinfo *result; + + memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo)); + hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM; + hints.ai_protocol = IPPROTO_IP; + + if (!ip.empty()) { + node = ip.c_str(); + // Ask getaddrinfo to convert IP in c-string to address + hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC; + hints.ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST; + } else { + if (!host.empty()) { node = host.c_str(); } + hints.ai_family = address_family; + hints.ai_flags = socket_flags; + } + +#if !defined(_WIN32) || defined(CPPHTTPLIB_HAVE_AFUNIX_H) + if (hints.ai_family == AF_UNIX) { + const auto addrlen = host.length(); + if (addrlen > sizeof(sockaddr_un::sun_path)) { return INVALID_SOCKET; } + +#ifdef SOCK_CLOEXEC + auto sock = socket(hints.ai_family, hints.ai_socktype | SOCK_CLOEXEC, + hints.ai_protocol); +#else + auto sock = socket(hints.ai_family, hints.ai_socktype, hints.ai_protocol); +#endif + + if (sock != INVALID_SOCKET) { + sockaddr_un addr{}; + addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX; + + auto unescaped_host = unescape_abstract_namespace_unix_domain(host); + std::copy(unescaped_host.begin(), unescaped_host.end(), addr.sun_path); + + hints.ai_addr = reinterpret_cast(&addr); + hints.ai_addrlen = static_cast( + sizeof(addr) - sizeof(addr.sun_path) + addrlen); + +#ifndef SOCK_CLOEXEC +#ifndef _WIN32 + fcntl(sock, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC); +#endif +#endif + + if (socket_options) { socket_options(sock); } + +#ifdef _WIN32 + // Setting SO_REUSEADDR seems not to work well with AF_UNIX on windows, so + // remove the option. + set_socket_opt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 0); +#endif + + bool dummy; + if (!bind_or_connect(sock, hints, dummy)) { + close_socket(sock); + sock = INVALID_SOCKET; + } + } + return sock; + } +#endif + + auto service = std::to_string(port); + + if (getaddrinfo_with_timeout(node, service.c_str(), &hints, &result, + timeout_sec)) { +#if defined __linux__ && !defined __ANDROID__ + res_init(); +#endif + return INVALID_SOCKET; + } + auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] { freeaddrinfo(result); }); + + for (auto rp = result; rp; rp = rp->ai_next) { + // Create a socket +#ifdef _WIN32 + auto sock = + WSASocketW(rp->ai_family, rp->ai_socktype, rp->ai_protocol, nullptr, 0, + WSA_FLAG_NO_HANDLE_INHERIT | WSA_FLAG_OVERLAPPED); + /** + * Since the WSA_FLAG_NO_HANDLE_INHERIT is only supported on Windows 7 SP1 + * and above the socket creation fails on older Windows Systems. + * + * Let's try to create a socket the old way in this case. + * + * Reference: + * https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winsock2/nf-winsock2-wsasocketa + * + * WSA_FLAG_NO_HANDLE_INHERIT: + * This flag is supported on Windows 7 with SP1, Windows Server 2008 R2 with + * SP1, and later + * + */ + if (sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { + sock = socket(rp->ai_family, rp->ai_socktype, rp->ai_protocol); + } +#else + +#ifdef SOCK_CLOEXEC + auto sock = + socket(rp->ai_family, rp->ai_socktype | SOCK_CLOEXEC, rp->ai_protocol); +#else + auto sock = socket(rp->ai_family, rp->ai_socktype, rp->ai_protocol); +#endif + +#endif + if (sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { continue; } + +#if !defined _WIN32 && !defined SOCK_CLOEXEC + if (fcntl(sock, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) == -1) { + close_socket(sock); + continue; + } +#endif + + if (tcp_nodelay) { set_socket_opt(sock, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, 1); } + + if (rp->ai_family == AF_INET6) { + set_socket_opt(sock, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY, ipv6_v6only ? 1 : 0); + } + + if (socket_options) { socket_options(sock); } + + // bind or connect + auto quit = false; + if (bind_or_connect(sock, *rp, quit)) { return sock; } + + close_socket(sock); + + if (quit) { break; } + } + + return INVALID_SOCKET; +} + +inline void set_nonblocking(socket_t sock, bool nonblocking) { +#ifdef _WIN32 + auto flags = nonblocking ? 1UL : 0UL; + ioctlsocket(sock, FIONBIO, &flags); +#else + auto flags = fcntl(sock, F_GETFL, 0); + fcntl(sock, F_SETFL, + nonblocking ? (flags | O_NONBLOCK) : (flags & (~O_NONBLOCK))); +#endif +} + +inline bool is_connection_error() { +#ifdef _WIN32 + return WSAGetLastError() != WSAEWOULDBLOCK; +#else + return errno != EINPROGRESS; +#endif +} + +inline bool bind_ip_address(socket_t sock, const std::string &host) { + struct addrinfo hints; + struct addrinfo *result; + + memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo)); + hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC; + hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM; + hints.ai_protocol = 0; + + if (getaddrinfo_with_timeout(host.c_str(), "0", &hints, &result, 0)) { + return false; + } + + auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] { freeaddrinfo(result); }); + + auto ret = false; + for (auto rp = result; rp; rp = rp->ai_next) { + const auto &ai = *rp; + if (!::bind(sock, ai.ai_addr, static_cast(ai.ai_addrlen))) { + ret = true; + break; + } + } + + return ret; +} + +#if !defined _WIN32 && !defined ANDROID && !defined _AIX && !defined __MVS__ +#define USE_IF2IP +#endif + +#ifdef USE_IF2IP +inline std::string if2ip(int address_family, const std::string &ifn) { + struct ifaddrs *ifap; + getifaddrs(&ifap); + auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] { freeifaddrs(ifap); }); + + std::string addr_candidate; + for (auto ifa = ifap; ifa; ifa = ifa->ifa_next) { + if (ifa->ifa_addr && ifn == ifa->ifa_name && + (AF_UNSPEC == address_family || + ifa->ifa_addr->sa_family == address_family)) { + if (ifa->ifa_addr->sa_family == AF_INET) { + auto sa = reinterpret_cast(ifa->ifa_addr); + char buf[INET_ADDRSTRLEN]; + if (inet_ntop(AF_INET, &sa->sin_addr, buf, INET_ADDRSTRLEN)) { + return std::string(buf, INET_ADDRSTRLEN); + } + } else if (ifa->ifa_addr->sa_family == AF_INET6) { + auto sa = reinterpret_cast(ifa->ifa_addr); + if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(&sa->sin6_addr)) { + char buf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN] = {}; + if (inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &sa->sin6_addr, buf, INET6_ADDRSTRLEN)) { + // equivalent to mac's IN6_IS_ADDR_UNIQUE_LOCAL + auto s6_addr_head = sa->sin6_addr.s6_addr[0]; + if (s6_addr_head == 0xfc || s6_addr_head == 0xfd) { + addr_candidate = std::string(buf, INET6_ADDRSTRLEN); + } else { + return std::string(buf, INET6_ADDRSTRLEN); + } + } + } + } + } + } + return addr_candidate; +} +#endif + +inline socket_t create_client_socket( + const std::string &host, const std::string &ip, int port, + int address_family, bool tcp_nodelay, bool ipv6_v6only, + SocketOptions socket_options, time_t connection_timeout_sec, + time_t connection_timeout_usec, time_t read_timeout_sec, + time_t read_timeout_usec, time_t write_timeout_sec, + time_t write_timeout_usec, const std::string &intf, Error &error) { + auto sock = create_socket( + host, ip, port, address_family, 0, tcp_nodelay, ipv6_v6only, + std::move(socket_options), + [&](socket_t sock2, struct addrinfo &ai, bool &quit) -> bool { + if (!intf.empty()) { +#ifdef USE_IF2IP + auto ip_from_if = if2ip(address_family, intf); + if (ip_from_if.empty()) { ip_from_if = intf; } + if (!bind_ip_address(sock2, ip_from_if)) { + error = Error::BindIPAddress; + return false; + } +#endif + } + + set_nonblocking(sock2, true); + + auto ret = + ::connect(sock2, ai.ai_addr, static_cast(ai.ai_addrlen)); + + if (ret < 0) { + if (is_connection_error()) { + error = Error::Connection; + return false; + } + error = wait_until_socket_is_ready(sock2, connection_timeout_sec, + connection_timeout_usec); + if (error != Error::Success) { + if (error == Error::ConnectionTimeout) { quit = true; } + return false; + } + } + + set_nonblocking(sock2, false); + set_socket_opt_time(sock2, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, read_timeout_sec, + read_timeout_usec); + set_socket_opt_time(sock2, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, write_timeout_sec, + write_timeout_usec); + + error = Error::Success; + return true; + }, + connection_timeout_sec); // Pass DNS timeout + + if (sock != INVALID_SOCKET) { + error = Error::Success; + } else { + if (error == Error::Success) { error = Error::Connection; } + } + + return sock; +} + +inline bool get_ip_and_port(const struct sockaddr_storage &addr, + socklen_t addr_len, std::string &ip, int &port) { + if (addr.ss_family == AF_INET) { + port = ntohs(reinterpret_cast(&addr)->sin_port); + } else if (addr.ss_family == AF_INET6) { + port = + ntohs(reinterpret_cast(&addr)->sin6_port); + } else { + return false; + } + + std::array ipstr{}; + if (getnameinfo(reinterpret_cast(&addr), addr_len, + ipstr.data(), static_cast(ipstr.size()), nullptr, + 0, NI_NUMERICHOST)) { + return false; + } + + ip = ipstr.data(); + return true; +} + +inline void get_local_ip_and_port(socket_t sock, std::string &ip, int &port) { + struct sockaddr_storage addr; + socklen_t addr_len = sizeof(addr); + if (!getsockname(sock, reinterpret_cast(&addr), + &addr_len)) { + get_ip_and_port(addr, addr_len, ip, port); + } +} + +inline void get_remote_ip_and_port(socket_t sock, std::string &ip, int &port) { + struct sockaddr_storage addr; + socklen_t addr_len = sizeof(addr); + + if (!getpeername(sock, reinterpret_cast(&addr), + &addr_len)) { +#ifndef _WIN32 + if (addr.ss_family == AF_UNIX) { +#if defined(__linux__) + struct ucred ucred; + socklen_t len = sizeof(ucred); + if (getsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PEERCRED, &ucred, &len) == 0) { + port = ucred.pid; + } +#elif defined(SOL_LOCAL) && defined(SO_PEERPID) + pid_t pid; + socklen_t len = sizeof(pid); + if (getsockopt(sock, SOL_LOCAL, SO_PEERPID, &pid, &len) == 0) { + port = pid; + } +#endif + return; + } +#endif + get_ip_and_port(addr, addr_len, ip, port); + } +} + +// Recursive form retained so operator""_t below can compute hashes for +// switch-case labels at compile time (C++11 constexpr forbids loops). Do not +// call from runtime paths with arbitrary-length inputs — use str2tag() +// instead, which is iterative and stack-safe. +inline constexpr unsigned int str2tag_core(const char *s, size_t l, + unsigned int h) { + return (l == 0) + ? h + : str2tag_core( + s + 1, l - 1, + // Unsets the 6 high bits of h, therefore no overflow happens + (((std::numeric_limits::max)() >> 6) & + h * 33) ^ + static_cast(*s)); +} + +inline unsigned int str2tag(const std::string &s) { + // Iterative form of str2tag_core: the recursive constexpr version is kept + // for compile-time UDL evaluation of short string literals, but at runtime + // we may receive arbitrarily long inputs (e.g. fuzzed Content-Type) that + // would blow the stack with one frame per character. + unsigned int h = 0; + for (auto c : s) { + h = (((std::numeric_limits::max)() >> 6) & h * 33) ^ + static_cast(c); + } + return h; +} + +namespace udl { + +inline constexpr unsigned int operator""_t(const char *s, size_t l) { + return str2tag_core(s, l, 0); +} + +} // namespace udl + +inline std::string +find_content_type(const std::string &path, + const std::map &user_data, + const std::string &default_content_type) { + auto ext = file_extension(path); + + auto it = user_data.find(ext); + if (it != user_data.end()) { return it->second; } + + using udl::operator""_t; + + switch (str2tag(ext)) { + default: return default_content_type; + + case "css"_t: return "text/css"; + case "csv"_t: return "text/csv"; + case "htm"_t: + case "html"_t: return "text/html"; + case "js"_t: + case "mjs"_t: return "text/javascript"; + case "txt"_t: return "text/plain"; + case "vtt"_t: return "text/vtt"; + + case "apng"_t: return "image/apng"; + case "avif"_t: return "image/avif"; + case "bmp"_t: return "image/bmp"; + case "gif"_t: return "image/gif"; + case "png"_t: return "image/png"; + case "svg"_t: return "image/svg+xml"; + case "webp"_t: return "image/webp"; + case "ico"_t: return "image/x-icon"; + case "tif"_t: return "image/tiff"; + case "tiff"_t: return "image/tiff"; + case "jpg"_t: + case "jpeg"_t: return "image/jpeg"; + + case "mp4"_t: return "video/mp4"; + case "mpeg"_t: return "video/mpeg"; + case "webm"_t: return "video/webm"; + + case "mp3"_t: return "audio/mp3"; + case "mpga"_t: return "audio/mpeg"; + case "weba"_t: return "audio/webm"; + case "wav"_t: return "audio/wave"; + + case "otf"_t: return "font/otf"; + case "ttf"_t: return "font/ttf"; + case "woff"_t: return "font/woff"; + case "woff2"_t: return "font/woff2"; + + case "7z"_t: return "application/x-7z-compressed"; + case "atom"_t: return "application/atom+xml"; + case "pdf"_t: return "application/pdf"; + case "json"_t: return "application/json"; + case "rss"_t: return "application/rss+xml"; + case "tar"_t: return "application/x-tar"; + case "xht"_t: + case "xhtml"_t: return "application/xhtml+xml"; + case "xslt"_t: return "application/xslt+xml"; + case "xml"_t: return "application/xml"; + case "gz"_t: return "application/gzip"; + case "zip"_t: return "application/zip"; + case "wasm"_t: return "application/wasm"; + } +} + +inline std::string +extract_media_type(const std::string &content_type, + std::map *params = nullptr) { + // Extract type/subtype from Content-Type value (RFC 2045) + // e.g. "application/json; charset=utf-8" -> "application/json" + auto media_type = content_type; + auto semicolon_pos = media_type.find(';'); + if (semicolon_pos != std::string::npos) { + auto param_str = media_type.substr(semicolon_pos + 1); + media_type = media_type.substr(0, semicolon_pos); + + if (params) { + // Parse parameters: key=value pairs separated by ';' + split(param_str.data(), param_str.data() + param_str.size(), ';', + [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + std::string key; + std::string val; + split(b, e, '=', [&](const char *b2, const char *e2) { + if (key.empty()) { + key.assign(b2, e2); + } else { + val.assign(b2, e2); + } + }); + if (!key.empty()) { + params->emplace(trim_copy(key), trim_double_quotes_copy(val)); + } + }); + } + } + + // Trim whitespace from media type + return trim_copy(media_type); +} + +inline bool can_compress_content_type(const std::string &content_type) { + using udl::operator""_t; + + auto mime_type = extract_media_type(content_type); + auto tag = str2tag(mime_type); + + switch (tag) { + case "image/svg+xml"_t: + case "application/javascript"_t: + case "application/x-javascript"_t: + case "application/json"_t: + case "application/ld+json"_t: + case "application/xml"_t: + case "application/xhtml+xml"_t: + case "application/rss+xml"_t: + case "application/atom+xml"_t: + case "application/xslt+xml"_t: + case "application/protobuf"_t: return true; + + case "text/event-stream"_t: return false; + + default: return !mime_type.rfind("text/", 0); + } +} + +inline bool parse_quality(const char *b, const char *e, std::string &token, + double &quality) { + quality = 1.0; + token.clear(); + + // Split on first ';': left = token name, right = parameters + const char *params_b = nullptr; + std::size_t params_len = 0; + + divide( + b, static_cast(e - b), ';', + [&](const char *lb, std::size_t llen, const char *rb, std::size_t rlen) { + auto r = trim(lb, lb + llen, 0, llen); + if (r.first < r.second) { token.assign(lb + r.first, lb + r.second); } + params_b = rb; + params_len = rlen; + }); + + if (token.empty()) { return false; } + if (params_len == 0) { return true; } + + // Scan parameters for q= (stops on first match) + bool invalid = false; + split_find(params_b, params_b + params_len, ';', + (std::numeric_limits::max)(), + [&](const char *pb, const char *pe) -> bool { + // Match exactly "q=" or "Q=" (not "query=" etc.) + auto len = static_cast(pe - pb); + if (len < 2) { return false; } + if ((pb[0] != 'q' && pb[0] != 'Q') || pb[1] != '=') { + return false; + } + + // Trim the value portion + auto r = trim(pb, pe, 2, len); + if (r.first >= r.second) { + invalid = true; + return true; + } + + double v = 0.0; + auto res = from_chars(pb + r.first, pb + r.second, v); + if (res.ec != std::errc{} || v < 0.0 || v > 1.0) { + invalid = true; + return true; + } + quality = v; + return true; + }); + + return !invalid; +} + +inline EncodingType encoding_type(const Request &req, const Response &res) { + if (!can_compress_content_type(res.get_header_value("Content-Type"))) { + return EncodingType::None; + } + + const auto &s = req.get_header_value("Accept-Encoding"); + if (s.empty()) { return EncodingType::None; } + + // Single-pass: iterate tokens and track the best supported encoding. + // Server preference breaks ties (br > gzip > zstd). + EncodingType best = EncodingType::None; + double best_q = 0.0; // q=0 means "not acceptable" + + // Server preference: Brotli > Gzip > Zstd (lower = more preferred) + auto priority = [](EncodingType t) -> int { + switch (t) { + case EncodingType::Brotli: return 0; + case EncodingType::Gzip: return 1; + case EncodingType::Zstd: return 2; + default: return 3; + } + }; + + std::string name; + split(s.data(), s.data() + s.size(), ',', [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + double quality = 1.0; + if (!parse_quality(b, e, name, quality)) { return; } + if (quality <= 0.0) { return; } + + EncodingType type = EncodingType::None; +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT + if (case_ignore::equal(name, "br")) { type = EncodingType::Brotli; } +#endif +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT + if (type == EncodingType::None && case_ignore::equal(name, "gzip")) { + type = EncodingType::Gzip; + } +#endif +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT + if (type == EncodingType::None && case_ignore::equal(name, "zstd")) { + type = EncodingType::Zstd; + } +#endif + + if (type == EncodingType::None) { return; } + + // Higher q-value wins; for equal q, server preference breaks ties + if (quality > best_q || + (quality == best_q && priority(type) < priority(best))) { + best_q = quality; + best = type; + } + }); + + return best; +} + +inline std::unique_ptr make_compressor(EncodingType type) { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT + if (type == EncodingType::Gzip) { + return detail::make_unique(); + } +#endif +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT + if (type == EncodingType::Brotli) { + return detail::make_unique(); + } +#endif +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT + if (type == EncodingType::Zstd) { + return detail::make_unique(); + } +#endif + (void)type; + return nullptr; +} + +inline const char *encoding_name(EncodingType type) { + switch (type) { + case EncodingType::Gzip: return "gzip"; + case EncodingType::Brotli: return "br"; + case EncodingType::Zstd: return "zstd"; + default: return ""; + } +} + +inline bool nocompressor::compress(const char *data, size_t data_length, + bool /*last*/, Callback callback) { + if (!data_length) { return true; } + return callback(data, data_length); +} + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT +inline gzip_compressor::gzip_compressor() { + std::memset(&strm_, 0, sizeof(strm_)); + strm_.zalloc = Z_NULL; + strm_.zfree = Z_NULL; + strm_.opaque = Z_NULL; + + is_valid_ = deflateInit2(&strm_, Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, Z_DEFLATED, 31, 8, + Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY) == Z_OK; +} + +inline gzip_compressor::~gzip_compressor() { deflateEnd(&strm_); } + +inline bool gzip_compressor::compress(const char *data, size_t data_length, + bool last, Callback callback) { + assert(is_valid_); + + do { + constexpr size_t max_avail_in = + (std::numeric_limits::max)(); + + strm_.avail_in = static_cast( + (std::min)(data_length, max_avail_in)); + strm_.next_in = const_cast(reinterpret_cast(data)); + + data_length -= strm_.avail_in; + data += strm_.avail_in; + + auto flush = (last && data_length == 0) ? Z_FINISH : Z_NO_FLUSH; + auto ret = Z_OK; + + std::array buff{}; + do { + strm_.avail_out = static_cast(buff.size()); + strm_.next_out = reinterpret_cast(buff.data()); + + ret = deflate(&strm_, flush); + if (ret == Z_STREAM_ERROR) { return false; } + + if (!callback(buff.data(), buff.size() - strm_.avail_out)) { + return false; + } + } while (strm_.avail_out == 0); + + assert((flush == Z_FINISH && ret == Z_STREAM_END) || + (flush == Z_NO_FLUSH && ret == Z_OK)); + assert(strm_.avail_in == 0); + } while (data_length > 0); + + return true; +} + +inline gzip_decompressor::gzip_decompressor() { + std::memset(&strm_, 0, sizeof(strm_)); + strm_.zalloc = Z_NULL; + strm_.zfree = Z_NULL; + strm_.opaque = Z_NULL; + + // 15 is the value of wbits, which should be at the maximum possible value + // to ensure that any gzip stream can be decoded. The offset of 32 specifies + // that the stream type should be automatically detected either gzip or + // deflate. + is_valid_ = inflateInit2(&strm_, 32 + 15) == Z_OK; +} + +inline gzip_decompressor::~gzip_decompressor() { inflateEnd(&strm_); } + +inline bool gzip_decompressor::is_valid() const { return is_valid_; } + +inline bool gzip_decompressor::decompress(const char *data, size_t data_length, + Callback callback) { + assert(is_valid_); + + auto ret = Z_OK; + + do { + constexpr size_t max_avail_in = + (std::numeric_limits::max)(); + + strm_.avail_in = static_cast( + (std::min)(data_length, max_avail_in)); + strm_.next_in = const_cast(reinterpret_cast(data)); + + data_length -= strm_.avail_in; + data += strm_.avail_in; + + std::array buff{}; + while (strm_.avail_in > 0 && ret == Z_OK) { + strm_.avail_out = static_cast(buff.size()); + strm_.next_out = reinterpret_cast(buff.data()); + + ret = inflate(&strm_, Z_NO_FLUSH); + + assert(ret != Z_STREAM_ERROR); + switch (ret) { + case Z_NEED_DICT: + case Z_DATA_ERROR: + case Z_MEM_ERROR: inflateEnd(&strm_); return false; + } + + if (!callback(buff.data(), buff.size() - strm_.avail_out)) { + return false; + } + } + + if (ret != Z_OK && ret != Z_STREAM_END) { return false; } + + } while (data_length > 0); + + return true; +} +#endif + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT +inline brotli_compressor::brotli_compressor() { + state_ = BrotliEncoderCreateInstance(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr); +} + +inline brotli_compressor::~brotli_compressor() { + BrotliEncoderDestroyInstance(state_); +} + +inline bool brotli_compressor::compress(const char *data, size_t data_length, + bool last, Callback callback) { + std::array buff{}; + + auto operation = last ? BROTLI_OPERATION_FINISH : BROTLI_OPERATION_PROCESS; + auto available_in = data_length; + auto next_in = reinterpret_cast(data); + + for (;;) { + if (last) { + if (BrotliEncoderIsFinished(state_)) { break; } + } else { + if (!available_in) { break; } + } + + auto available_out = buff.size(); + auto next_out = buff.data(); + + if (!BrotliEncoderCompressStream(state_, operation, &available_in, &next_in, + &available_out, &next_out, nullptr)) { + return false; + } + + auto output_bytes = buff.size() - available_out; + if (output_bytes) { + callback(reinterpret_cast(buff.data()), output_bytes); + } + } + + return true; +} + +inline brotli_decompressor::brotli_decompressor() { + decoder_s = BrotliDecoderCreateInstance(0, 0, 0); + decoder_r = decoder_s ? BROTLI_DECODER_RESULT_NEEDS_MORE_INPUT + : BROTLI_DECODER_RESULT_ERROR; +} + +inline brotli_decompressor::~brotli_decompressor() { + if (decoder_s) { BrotliDecoderDestroyInstance(decoder_s); } +} + +inline bool brotli_decompressor::is_valid() const { return decoder_s; } + +inline bool brotli_decompressor::decompress(const char *data, + size_t data_length, + Callback callback) { + if (decoder_r == BROTLI_DECODER_RESULT_SUCCESS || + decoder_r == BROTLI_DECODER_RESULT_ERROR) { + return 0; + } + + auto next_in = reinterpret_cast(data); + size_t avail_in = data_length; + size_t total_out; + + decoder_r = BROTLI_DECODER_RESULT_NEEDS_MORE_OUTPUT; + + std::array buff{}; + while (decoder_r == BROTLI_DECODER_RESULT_NEEDS_MORE_OUTPUT) { + char *next_out = buff.data(); + size_t avail_out = buff.size(); + + decoder_r = BrotliDecoderDecompressStream( + decoder_s, &avail_in, &next_in, &avail_out, + reinterpret_cast(&next_out), &total_out); + + if (decoder_r == BROTLI_DECODER_RESULT_ERROR) { return false; } + + if (!callback(buff.data(), buff.size() - avail_out)) { return false; } + } + + return decoder_r == BROTLI_DECODER_RESULT_SUCCESS || + decoder_r == BROTLI_DECODER_RESULT_NEEDS_MORE_INPUT; +} +#endif + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT +inline zstd_compressor::zstd_compressor() { + ctx_ = ZSTD_createCCtx(); + ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ctx_, ZSTD_c_compressionLevel, ZSTD_fast); +} + +inline zstd_compressor::~zstd_compressor() { ZSTD_freeCCtx(ctx_); } + +inline bool zstd_compressor::compress(const char *data, size_t data_length, + bool last, Callback callback) { + std::array buff{}; + + ZSTD_EndDirective mode = last ? ZSTD_e_end : ZSTD_e_continue; + ZSTD_inBuffer input = {data, data_length, 0}; + + bool finished; + do { + ZSTD_outBuffer output = {buff.data(), CPPHTTPLIB_COMPRESSION_BUFSIZ, 0}; + size_t const remaining = ZSTD_compressStream2(ctx_, &output, &input, mode); + + if (ZSTD_isError(remaining)) { return false; } + + if (!callback(buff.data(), output.pos)) { return false; } + + finished = last ? (remaining == 0) : (input.pos == input.size); + + } while (!finished); + + return true; +} + +inline zstd_decompressor::zstd_decompressor() { ctx_ = ZSTD_createDCtx(); } + +inline zstd_decompressor::~zstd_decompressor() { ZSTD_freeDCtx(ctx_); } + +inline bool zstd_decompressor::is_valid() const { return ctx_ != nullptr; } + +inline bool zstd_decompressor::decompress(const char *data, size_t data_length, + Callback callback) { + std::array buff{}; + ZSTD_inBuffer input = {data, data_length, 0}; + + while (input.pos < input.size) { + ZSTD_outBuffer output = {buff.data(), CPPHTTPLIB_COMPRESSION_BUFSIZ, 0}; + size_t const remaining = ZSTD_decompressStream(ctx_, &output, &input); + + if (ZSTD_isError(remaining)) { return false; } + + if (!callback(buff.data(), output.pos)) { return false; } + } + + return true; +} +#endif + +inline std::unique_ptr +create_decompressor(const std::string &encoding) { + std::unique_ptr decompressor; + + if (encoding == "gzip" || encoding == "deflate") { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT + decompressor = detail::make_unique(); +#endif + } else if (encoding.find("br") != std::string::npos) { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT + decompressor = detail::make_unique(); +#endif + } else if (encoding == "zstd" || encoding.find("zstd") != std::string::npos) { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT + decompressor = detail::make_unique(); +#endif + } + + return decompressor; +} + +// Returns the best available compressor and its Content-Encoding name. +// Priority: Brotli > Gzip > Zstd (matches server-side preference). +inline std::pair, const char *> +create_compressor() { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT + return {detail::make_unique(), "br"}; +#elif defined(CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT) + return {detail::make_unique(), "gzip"}; +#elif defined(CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT) + return {detail::make_unique(), "zstd"}; +#else + return {nullptr, nullptr}; +#endif +} + +inline bool is_prohibited_header_name(const std::string &name) { + using udl::operator""_t; + + switch (str2tag(name)) { + case "REMOTE_ADDR"_t: + case "REMOTE_PORT"_t: + case "LOCAL_ADDR"_t: + case "LOCAL_PORT"_t: return true; + default: return false; + } +} + +inline bool has_header(const Headers &headers, const std::string &key) { + if (is_prohibited_header_name(key)) { return false; } + return headers.find(key) != headers.end(); +} + +inline const char *get_header_value(const Headers &headers, + const std::string &key, const char *def, + size_t id) { + if (is_prohibited_header_name(key)) { +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS + std::string msg = "Prohibited header name '" + key + "' is specified."; + throw std::invalid_argument(msg); +#else + return ""; +#endif + } + + auto rng = headers.equal_range(key); + auto it = rng.first; + std::advance(it, static_cast(id)); + if (it != rng.second) { return it->second.c_str(); } + return def; +} + +inline size_t get_header_value_count(const Headers &headers, + const std::string &key) { + auto r = headers.equal_range(key); + return static_cast(std::distance(r.first, r.second)); +} + +template +inline typename Map::mapped_type +get_multimap_value(const Map &m, const std::string &key, size_t id) { + auto rng = m.equal_range(key); + auto it = rng.first; + std::advance(it, static_cast(id)); + if (it != rng.second) { return it->second; } + return typename Map::mapped_type(); +} + +inline void set_header(Headers &headers, const std::string &key, + const std::string &val) { + if (fields::is_field_name(key) && fields::is_field_value(val)) { + headers.emplace(key, val); + } +} + +inline bool read_headers(Stream &strm, Headers &headers) { + const auto bufsiz = 2048; + char buf[bufsiz]; + stream_line_reader line_reader(strm, buf, bufsiz); + + size_t header_count = 0; + + for (;;) { + if (!line_reader.getline()) { return false; } + + // Check if the line ends with CRLF. + auto line_terminator_len = 2; + if (line_reader.end_with_crlf()) { + // Blank line indicates end of headers. + if (line_reader.size() == 2) { break; } + } else { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ALLOW_LF_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR + // Blank line indicates end of headers. + if (line_reader.size() == 1) { break; } + line_terminator_len = 1; +#else + continue; // Skip invalid line. +#endif + } + + if (line_reader.size() > CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_LENGTH) { return false; } + + // Check header count limit + if (header_count >= CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_COUNT) { return false; } + + // Exclude line terminator + auto end = line_reader.ptr() + line_reader.size() - line_terminator_len; + + if (!parse_header(line_reader.ptr(), end, + [&](const std::string &key, const std::string &val) { + headers.emplace(key, val); + })) { + return false; + } + + header_count++; + } + + // RFC 9110 Section 8.6: Reject requests with multiple Content-Length + // headers that have different values to prevent request smuggling. + auto cl_range = headers.equal_range("Content-Length"); + if (cl_range.first != cl_range.second) { + const auto &first_val = cl_range.first->second; + for (auto it = std::next(cl_range.first); it != cl_range.second; ++it) { + if (it->second != first_val) { return false; } + } + } + + return true; +} + +inline bool read_websocket_upgrade_response(Stream &strm, + const std::string &expected_accept, + std::string &selected_subprotocol) { + // Read status line + const auto bufsiz = 2048; + char buf[bufsiz]; + stream_line_reader line_reader(strm, buf, bufsiz); + if (!line_reader.getline()) { return false; } + + // Check for "HTTP/1.1 101" + auto line = std::string(line_reader.ptr(), line_reader.size()); + if (line.find("HTTP/1.1 101") == std::string::npos) { return false; } + + // Parse headers using existing read_headers + Headers headers; + if (!read_headers(strm, headers)) { return false; } + + // Verify Upgrade: websocket (case-insensitive) + auto upgrade_it = headers.find("Upgrade"); + if (upgrade_it == headers.end()) { return false; } + auto upgrade_val = case_ignore::to_lower(upgrade_it->second); + if (upgrade_val != "websocket") { return false; } + + // Verify Connection header contains "Upgrade" (case-insensitive) + auto connection_it = headers.find("Connection"); + if (connection_it == headers.end()) { return false; } + auto connection_val = case_ignore::to_lower(connection_it->second); + if (connection_val.find("upgrade") == std::string::npos) { return false; } + + // Verify Sec-WebSocket-Accept header value + auto it = headers.find("Sec-WebSocket-Accept"); + if (it == headers.end() || it->second != expected_accept) { return false; } + + // Extract negotiated subprotocol + auto proto_it = headers.find("Sec-WebSocket-Protocol"); + if (proto_it != headers.end()) { selected_subprotocol = proto_it->second; } + + return true; +} + +enum class ReadContentResult { + Success, // Successfully read the content + PayloadTooLarge, // The content exceeds the specified payload limit + Error // An error occurred while reading the content +}; + +inline ReadContentResult read_content_with_length( + Stream &strm, size_t len, DownloadProgress progress, + ContentReceiverWithProgress out, + size_t payload_max_length = (std::numeric_limits::max)()) { + char buf[CPPHTTPLIB_RECV_BUFSIZ]; + + detail::BodyReader br; + br.stream = &strm; + br.has_content_length = true; + br.content_length = len; + br.payload_max_length = payload_max_length; + br.chunked = false; + br.bytes_read = 0; + br.last_error = Error::Success; + + size_t r = 0; + while (r < len) { + auto read_len = static_cast(len - r); + auto to_read = (std::min)(read_len, CPPHTTPLIB_RECV_BUFSIZ); + auto n = detail::read_body_content(&strm, br, buf, to_read); + if (n <= 0) { + // Check if it was a payload size error + if (br.last_error == Error::ExceedMaxPayloadSize) { + return ReadContentResult::PayloadTooLarge; + } + return ReadContentResult::Error; + } + + if (!out(buf, static_cast(n), r, len)) { + return ReadContentResult::Error; + } + r += static_cast(n); + + if (progress) { + if (!progress(r, len)) { return ReadContentResult::Error; } + } + } + + return ReadContentResult::Success; +} + +inline ReadContentResult +read_content_without_length(Stream &strm, size_t payload_max_length, + ContentReceiverWithProgress out) { + char buf[CPPHTTPLIB_RECV_BUFSIZ]; + size_t r = 0; + for (;;) { + auto n = strm.read(buf, CPPHTTPLIB_RECV_BUFSIZ); + if (n == 0) { return ReadContentResult::Success; } + if (n < 0) { return ReadContentResult::Error; } + + // Check if adding this data would exceed the payload limit + if (r > payload_max_length || + payload_max_length - r < static_cast(n)) { + return ReadContentResult::PayloadTooLarge; + } + + if (!out(buf, static_cast(n), r, 0)) { + return ReadContentResult::Error; + } + r += static_cast(n); + } + + return ReadContentResult::Success; +} + +template +inline ReadContentResult read_content_chunked(Stream &strm, T &x, + size_t payload_max_length, + ContentReceiverWithProgress out) { + detail::ChunkedDecoder dec(strm); + + char buf[CPPHTTPLIB_RECV_BUFSIZ]; + size_t total_len = 0; + + for (;;) { + size_t chunk_offset = 0; + size_t chunk_total = 0; + auto n = dec.read_payload(buf, sizeof(buf), chunk_offset, chunk_total); + if (n < 0) { return ReadContentResult::Error; } + + if (n == 0) { + if (!dec.parse_trailers_into(x.trailers, x.headers)) { + return ReadContentResult::Error; + } + return ReadContentResult::Success; + } + + if (total_len > payload_max_length || + payload_max_length - total_len < static_cast(n)) { + return ReadContentResult::PayloadTooLarge; + } + + if (!out(buf, static_cast(n), chunk_offset, chunk_total)) { + return ReadContentResult::Error; + } + + total_len += static_cast(n); + } +} + +inline bool is_chunked_transfer_encoding(const Headers &headers) { + return case_ignore::equal( + get_header_value(headers, "Transfer-Encoding", "", 0), "chunked"); +} + +template +bool prepare_content_receiver(T &x, int &status, + ContentReceiverWithProgress receiver, + bool decompress, size_t payload_max_length, + bool &exceed_payload_max_length, U callback) { + if (decompress) { + std::string encoding = x.get_header_value("Content-Encoding"); + std::unique_ptr decompressor; + + if (!encoding.empty()) { + decompressor = detail::create_decompressor(encoding); + if (!decompressor) { + // Unsupported encoding or no support compiled in + status = StatusCode::UnsupportedMediaType_415; + return false; + } + } + + if (decompressor) { + if (decompressor->is_valid()) { + size_t decompressed_size = 0; + ContentReceiverWithProgress out = [&](const char *buf, size_t n, + size_t off, size_t len) { + return decompressor->decompress( + buf, n, [&](const char *buf2, size_t n2) { + // Guard against zip-bomb: check + // decompressed size against limit. + if (payload_max_length > 0 && + (decompressed_size >= payload_max_length || + n2 > payload_max_length - decompressed_size)) { + exceed_payload_max_length = true; + return false; + } + decompressed_size += n2; + return receiver(buf2, n2, off, len); + }); + }; + return callback(std::move(out)); + } else { + status = StatusCode::InternalServerError_500; + return false; + } + } + } + + ContentReceiverWithProgress out = [&](const char *buf, size_t n, size_t off, + size_t len) { + return receiver(buf, n, off, len); + }; + return callback(std::move(out)); +} + +template +bool read_content(Stream &strm, T &x, size_t payload_max_length, int &status, + DownloadProgress progress, + ContentReceiverWithProgress receiver, bool decompress) { + bool exceed_payload_max_length = false; + return prepare_content_receiver( + x, status, std::move(receiver), decompress, payload_max_length, + exceed_payload_max_length, [&](const ContentReceiverWithProgress &out) { + auto ret = true; + // Note: exceed_payload_max_length may also be set by the decompressor + // wrapper in prepare_content_receiver when the decompressed payload + // size exceeds the limit. + + if (is_chunked_transfer_encoding(x.headers)) { + auto result = read_content_chunked(strm, x, payload_max_length, out); + if (result == ReadContentResult::Success) { + ret = true; + } else if (result == ReadContentResult::PayloadTooLarge) { + exceed_payload_max_length = true; + ret = false; + } else { + ret = false; + } + } else if (!has_header(x.headers, "Content-Length")) { + auto result = + read_content_without_length(strm, payload_max_length, out); + if (result == ReadContentResult::Success) { + ret = true; + } else if (result == ReadContentResult::PayloadTooLarge) { + exceed_payload_max_length = true; + ret = false; + } else { + ret = false; + } + } else { + auto is_invalid_value = false; + auto len = get_header_value_u64(x.headers, "Content-Length", + (std::numeric_limits::max)(), + 0, is_invalid_value); + + if (is_invalid_value) { + ret = false; + } else if (len > 0) { + auto result = read_content_with_length( + strm, len, std::move(progress), out, payload_max_length); + ret = (result == ReadContentResult::Success); + if (result == ReadContentResult::PayloadTooLarge) { + exceed_payload_max_length = true; + } + } + } + + if (!ret) { + status = exceed_payload_max_length ? StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413 + : StatusCode::BadRequest_400; + } + return ret; + }); +} + +inline ssize_t write_request_line(Stream &strm, const std::string &method, + const std::string &path) { + std::string s = method; + s += ' '; + s += path; + s += " HTTP/1.1\r\n"; + return strm.write(s.data(), s.size()); +} + +inline ssize_t write_response_line(Stream &strm, int status) { + std::string s = "HTTP/1.1 "; + s += std::to_string(status); + s += ' '; + s += httplib::status_message(status); + s += "\r\n"; + return strm.write(s.data(), s.size()); +} + +inline ssize_t write_headers(Stream &strm, const Headers &headers) { + ssize_t write_len = 0; + for (const auto &x : headers) { + std::string s; + s = x.first; + s += ": "; + s += x.second; + s += "\r\n"; + + auto len = strm.write(s.data(), s.size()); + if (len < 0) { return len; } + write_len += len; + } + auto len = strm.write("\r\n"); + if (len < 0) { return len; } + write_len += len; + return write_len; +} + +inline bool write_data(Stream &strm, const char *d, size_t l) { + size_t offset = 0; + while (offset < l) { + auto length = strm.write(d + offset, l - offset); + if (length < 0) { return false; } + offset += static_cast(length); + } + return true; +} + +template +inline bool write_content_with_progress(Stream &strm, + const ContentProvider &content_provider, + size_t offset, size_t length, + T is_shutting_down, + const UploadProgress &upload_progress, + Error &error) { + size_t end_offset = offset + length; + size_t start_offset = offset; + auto ok = true; + DataSink data_sink; + + data_sink.write = [&](const char *d, size_t l) -> bool { + if (ok) { + if (write_data(strm, d, l)) { + offset += l; + + if (upload_progress && length > 0) { + size_t current_written = offset - start_offset; + if (!upload_progress(current_written, length)) { + ok = false; + return false; + } + } + } else { + ok = false; + } + } + return ok; + }; + + data_sink.is_writable = [&]() -> bool { return strm.is_peer_alive(); }; + + while (offset < end_offset && !is_shutting_down()) { + if (!strm.wait_writable() || !strm.is_peer_alive()) { + error = Error::Write; + return false; + } else if (!content_provider(offset, end_offset - offset, data_sink)) { + error = Error::Canceled; + return false; + } else if (!ok) { + error = Error::Write; + return false; + } + } + + if (offset < end_offset) { // exited due to is_shutting_down(), not completion + error = Error::Write; + return false; + } + + error = Error::Success; + return true; +} + +template +inline bool write_content(Stream &strm, const ContentProvider &content_provider, + size_t offset, size_t length, T is_shutting_down, + Error &error) { + return write_content_with_progress(strm, content_provider, offset, length, + is_shutting_down, nullptr, error); +} + +template +inline bool write_content(Stream &strm, const ContentProvider &content_provider, + size_t offset, size_t length, + const T &is_shutting_down) { + auto error = Error::Success; + return write_content(strm, content_provider, offset, length, is_shutting_down, + error); +} + +template +inline bool +write_content_without_length(Stream &strm, + const ContentProvider &content_provider, + const T &is_shutting_down) { + size_t offset = 0; + auto data_available = true; + auto ok = true; + DataSink data_sink; + + data_sink.write = [&](const char *d, size_t l) -> bool { + if (ok) { + offset += l; + if (!write_data(strm, d, l)) { ok = false; } + } + return ok; + }; + + data_sink.is_writable = [&]() -> bool { return strm.is_peer_alive(); }; + + data_sink.done = [&](void) { data_available = false; }; + + while (data_available && !is_shutting_down()) { + if (!strm.wait_writable() || !strm.is_peer_alive()) { + return false; + } else if (!content_provider(offset, 0, data_sink)) { + return false; + } else if (!ok) { + return false; + } + } + return !data_available; // true only if done() was called, false if shutting + // down +} + +template +inline bool +write_content_chunked(Stream &strm, const ContentProvider &content_provider, + const T &is_shutting_down, U &compressor, Error &error) { + size_t offset = 0; + auto data_available = true; + auto ok = true; + DataSink data_sink; + + data_sink.write = [&](const char *d, size_t l) -> bool { + if (ok) { + data_available = l > 0; + offset += l; + + std::string payload; + if (compressor.compress(d, l, false, + [&](const char *data, size_t data_len) { + payload.append(data, data_len); + return true; + })) { + if (!payload.empty()) { + // Emit chunked response header and footer for each chunk + auto chunk = + from_i_to_hex(payload.size()) + "\r\n" + payload + "\r\n"; + if (!write_data(strm, chunk.data(), chunk.size())) { ok = false; } + } + } else { + ok = false; + } + } + return ok; + }; + + data_sink.is_writable = [&]() -> bool { return strm.is_peer_alive(); }; + + auto done_with_trailer = [&](const Headers *trailer) { + if (!ok) { return; } + + data_available = false; + + std::string payload; + if (!compressor.compress(nullptr, 0, true, + [&](const char *data, size_t data_len) { + payload.append(data, data_len); + return true; + })) { + ok = false; + return; + } + + if (!payload.empty()) { + // Emit chunked response header and footer for each chunk + auto chunk = from_i_to_hex(payload.size()) + "\r\n" + payload + "\r\n"; + if (!write_data(strm, chunk.data(), chunk.size())) { + ok = false; + return; + } + } + + constexpr const char done_marker[] = "0\r\n"; + if (!write_data(strm, done_marker, str_len(done_marker))) { ok = false; } + + // Trailer + if (trailer) { + for (const auto &kv : *trailer) { + std::string field_line = kv.first + ": " + kv.second + "\r\n"; + if (!write_data(strm, field_line.data(), field_line.size())) { + ok = false; + } + } + } + + constexpr const char crlf[] = "\r\n"; + if (!write_data(strm, crlf, str_len(crlf))) { ok = false; } + }; + + data_sink.done = [&](void) { done_with_trailer(nullptr); }; + + data_sink.done_with_trailer = [&](const Headers &trailer) { + done_with_trailer(&trailer); + }; + + while (data_available && !is_shutting_down()) { + if (!strm.wait_writable() || !strm.is_peer_alive()) { + error = Error::Write; + return false; + } else if (!content_provider(offset, 0, data_sink)) { + error = Error::Canceled; + return false; + } else if (!ok) { + error = Error::Write; + return false; + } + } + + if (data_available) { // exited due to is_shutting_down(), not done() + error = Error::Write; + return false; + } + + error = Error::Success; + return true; +} + +template +inline bool write_content_chunked(Stream &strm, + const ContentProvider &content_provider, + const T &is_shutting_down, U &compressor) { + auto error = Error::Success; + return write_content_chunked(strm, content_provider, is_shutting_down, + compressor, error); +} + +template +inline bool redirect(T &cli, Request &req, Response &res, + const std::string &path, const std::string &location, + Error &error) { + Request new_req = req; + new_req.path = path; + new_req.redirect_count_ -= 1; + + if (res.status == StatusCode::SeeOther_303 && + (req.method != "GET" && req.method != "HEAD")) { + new_req.method = "GET"; + new_req.body.clear(); + new_req.headers.clear(); + } + + Response new_res; + + auto ret = cli.send(new_req, new_res, error); + if (ret) { + req = std::move(new_req); + res = std::move(new_res); + + if (res.location.empty()) { res.location = location; } + } + return ret; +} + +inline std::string params_to_query_str(const Params ¶ms) { + std::string query; + + for (auto it = params.begin(); it != params.end(); ++it) { + if (it != params.begin()) { query += '&'; } + query += encode_query_component(it->first); + query += '='; + query += encode_query_component(it->second); + } + return query; +} + +inline void parse_query_text(const char *data, std::size_t size, + Params ¶ms) { + std::set cache; + split(data, data + size, '&', [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + std::string kv(b, e); + if (cache.find(kv) != cache.end()) { return; } + cache.insert(std::move(kv)); + + std::string key; + std::string val; + divide(b, static_cast(e - b), '=', + [&](const char *lhs_data, std::size_t lhs_size, const char *rhs_data, + std::size_t rhs_size) { + key.assign(lhs_data, lhs_size); + val.assign(rhs_data, rhs_size); + }); + + if (!key.empty()) { + params.emplace(decode_query_component(key), decode_query_component(val)); + } + }); +} + +inline void parse_query_text(const std::string &s, Params ¶ms) { + parse_query_text(s.data(), s.size(), params); +} + +// Normalize a query string by decoding and re-encoding each key/value pair +// while preserving the original parameter order. This avoids double-encoding +// and ensures consistent encoding without reordering (unlike Params which +// uses std::multimap and sorts keys). +inline std::string normalize_query_string(const std::string &query) { + std::string result; + split(query.data(), query.data() + query.size(), '&', + [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + std::string key; + std::string val; + divide(b, static_cast(e - b), '=', + [&](const char *lhs_data, std::size_t lhs_size, + const char *rhs_data, std::size_t rhs_size) { + key.assign(lhs_data, lhs_size); + val.assign(rhs_data, rhs_size); + }); + + if (!key.empty()) { + auto dec_key = decode_query_component(key); + auto dec_val = decode_query_component(val); + + if (!result.empty()) { result += '&'; } + result += encode_query_component(dec_key); + if (!val.empty() || std::find(b, e, '=') != e) { + result += '='; + result += encode_query_component(dec_val); + } + } + }); + return result; +} + +inline bool parse_multipart_boundary(const std::string &content_type, + std::string &boundary) { + std::map params; + extract_media_type(content_type, ¶ms); + auto it = params.find("boundary"); + if (it == params.end()) { return false; } + boundary = it->second; + return !boundary.empty(); +} + +inline void parse_disposition_params(const std::string &s, Params ¶ms) { + std::set cache; + split(s.data(), s.data() + s.size(), ';', [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + std::string kv(b, e); + if (cache.find(kv) != cache.end()) { return; } + cache.insert(kv); + + std::string key; + std::string val; + split(b, e, '=', [&](const char *b2, const char *e2) { + if (key.empty()) { + key.assign(b2, e2); + } else { + val.assign(b2, e2); + } + }); + + if (!key.empty()) { + params.emplace(trim_double_quotes_copy((key)), + trim_double_quotes_copy((val))); + } + }); +} + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS +inline bool parse_range_header(const std::string &s, Ranges &ranges) { +#else +inline bool parse_range_header(const std::string &s, Ranges &ranges) try { +#endif + auto is_valid = [](const std::string &str) { + return std::all_of(str.cbegin(), str.cend(), + [](unsigned char c) { return std::isdigit(c); }); + }; + + if (s.size() > 7 && s.compare(0, 6, "bytes=") == 0) { + const auto pos = static_cast(6); + const auto len = static_cast(s.size() - 6); + auto all_valid_ranges = true; + split(&s[pos], &s[pos + len], ',', [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + if (!all_valid_ranges) { return; } + + const auto it = std::find(b, e, '-'); + if (it == e) { + all_valid_ranges = false; + return; + } + + const auto lhs = std::string(b, it); + const auto rhs = std::string(it + 1, e); + if (!is_valid(lhs) || !is_valid(rhs)) { + all_valid_ranges = false; + return; + } + + ssize_t first = -1; + if (!lhs.empty()) { + ssize_t v; + auto res = detail::from_chars(lhs.data(), lhs.data() + lhs.size(), v); + if (res.ec == std::errc{}) { first = v; } + } + + ssize_t last = -1; + if (!rhs.empty()) { + ssize_t v; + auto res = detail::from_chars(rhs.data(), rhs.data() + rhs.size(), v); + if (res.ec == std::errc{}) { last = v; } + } + + if ((first == -1 && last == -1) || + (first != -1 && last != -1 && first > last)) { + all_valid_ranges = false; + return; + } + + ranges.emplace_back(first, last); + }); + return all_valid_ranges && !ranges.empty(); + } + return false; +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS +} +#else +} catch (...) { return false; } +#endif + +inline bool parse_accept_header(const std::string &s, + std::vector &content_types) { + content_types.clear(); + + // Empty string is considered valid (no preference) + if (s.empty()) { return true; } + + // Check for invalid patterns: leading/trailing commas or consecutive commas + if (s.front() == ',' || s.back() == ',' || + s.find(",,") != std::string::npos) { + return false; + } + + struct AcceptEntry { + std::string media_type; + double quality; + int order; + }; + + std::vector entries; + int order = 0; + bool has_invalid_entry = false; + + // Split by comma and parse each entry + split(s.data(), s.data() + s.size(), ',', [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + std::string entry(b, e); + entry = trim_copy(entry); + + if (entry.empty()) { + has_invalid_entry = true; + return; + } + + AcceptEntry accept_entry; + accept_entry.order = order++; + + if (!parse_quality(entry.data(), entry.data() + entry.size(), + accept_entry.media_type, accept_entry.quality)) { + has_invalid_entry = true; + return; + } + + // Remove additional parameters from media type + accept_entry.media_type = extract_media_type(accept_entry.media_type); + + // Basic validation of media type format + if (accept_entry.media_type.empty()) { + has_invalid_entry = true; + return; + } + + // Check for basic media type format (should contain '/' or be '*') + if (accept_entry.media_type != "*" && + accept_entry.media_type.find('/') == std::string::npos) { + has_invalid_entry = true; + return; + } + + entries.push_back(std::move(accept_entry)); + }); + + // Return false if any invalid entry was found + if (has_invalid_entry) { return false; } + + // Sort by quality (descending), then by original order (ascending) + std::sort(entries.begin(), entries.end(), + [](const AcceptEntry &a, const AcceptEntry &b) { + if (a.quality != b.quality) { + return a.quality > b.quality; // Higher quality first + } + return a.order < b.order; // Earlier order first for same quality + }); + + // Extract sorted media types + content_types.reserve(entries.size()); + for (auto &entry : entries) { + content_types.push_back(std::move(entry.media_type)); + } + + return true; +} + +class FormDataParser { +public: + FormDataParser() = default; + + void set_boundary(std::string &&boundary) { + boundary_ = std::move(boundary); + dash_boundary_crlf_ = dash_ + boundary_ + crlf_; + crlf_dash_boundary_ = crlf_ + dash_ + boundary_; + } + + bool is_valid() const { return is_valid_; } + + bool parse(const char *buf, size_t n, const FormDataHeader &header_callback, + const ContentReceiver &content_callback) { + + buf_append(buf, n); + + while (buf_size() > 0) { + switch (state_) { + case 0: { // Initial boundary + auto pos = buf_find(dash_boundary_crlf_); + if (pos == buf_size()) { return true; } + buf_erase(pos + dash_boundary_crlf_.size()); + state_ = 1; + break; + } + case 1: { // New entry + clear_file_info(); + state_ = 2; + break; + } + case 2: { // Headers + auto pos = buf_find(crlf_); + if (pos > CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_LENGTH) { return false; } + while (pos < buf_size()) { + // Empty line + if (pos == 0) { + if (!header_callback(file_)) { + is_valid_ = false; + return false; + } + buf_erase(crlf_.size()); + state_ = 3; + break; + } + + const auto header = buf_head(pos); + + if (!parse_header(header.data(), header.data() + header.size(), + [&](const std::string &, const std::string &) {})) { + is_valid_ = false; + return false; + } + + // Parse and emplace space trimmed headers into a map + if (!parse_header( + header.data(), header.data() + header.size(), + [&](const std::string &key, const std::string &val) { + file_.headers.emplace(key, val); + })) { + is_valid_ = false; + return false; + } + + constexpr const char header_content_type[] = "Content-Type:"; + + if (start_with_case_ignore(header, header_content_type)) { + file_.content_type = + trim_copy(header.substr(str_len(header_content_type))); + } else { + std::string disposition_params; + if (parse_content_disposition(header, disposition_params)) { + Params params; + parse_disposition_params(disposition_params, params); + + auto it = params.find("name"); + if (it != params.end()) { + file_.name = it->second; + } else { + is_valid_ = false; + return false; + } + + it = params.find("filename"); + if (it != params.end()) { file_.filename = it->second; } + + it = params.find("filename*"); + if (it != params.end()) { + // RFC 5987: only UTF-8 encoding is allowed + const auto &val = it->second; + constexpr const char utf8_prefix[] = "UTF-8''"; + constexpr size_t prefix_len = str_len(utf8_prefix); + if (val.size() > prefix_len && + start_with_case_ignore(val, utf8_prefix)) { + file_.filename = decode_path_component( + val.substr(prefix_len)); // override... + } else { + is_valid_ = false; + return false; + } + } + } + } + buf_erase(pos + crlf_.size()); + pos = buf_find(crlf_); + } + if (state_ != 3) { return true; } + break; + } + case 3: { // Body + if (crlf_dash_boundary_.size() > buf_size()) { return true; } + auto pos = buf_find(crlf_dash_boundary_); + if (pos < buf_size()) { + if (!content_callback(buf_data(), pos)) { + is_valid_ = false; + return false; + } + buf_erase(pos + crlf_dash_boundary_.size()); + state_ = 4; + } else { + auto len = buf_size() - crlf_dash_boundary_.size(); + if (len > 0) { + if (!content_callback(buf_data(), len)) { + is_valid_ = false; + return false; + } + buf_erase(len); + } + return true; + } + break; + } + case 4: { // Boundary + if (crlf_.size() > buf_size()) { return true; } + if (buf_start_with(crlf_)) { + buf_erase(crlf_.size()); + state_ = 1; + } else { + if (dash_.size() > buf_size()) { return true; } + if (buf_start_with(dash_)) { + buf_erase(dash_.size()); + is_valid_ = true; + buf_erase(buf_size()); // Remove epilogue + } else { + return true; + } + } + break; + } + } + } + + return true; + } + +private: + void clear_file_info() { + file_.name.clear(); + file_.filename.clear(); + file_.content_type.clear(); + file_.headers.clear(); + } + + bool start_with_case_ignore(const std::string &a, const char *b, + size_t offset = 0) const { + const auto b_len = strlen(b); + if (a.size() < offset + b_len) { return false; } + for (size_t i = 0; i < b_len; i++) { + if (case_ignore::to_lower(a[offset + i]) != case_ignore::to_lower(b[i])) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + } + + // Parses "Content-Disposition: form-data; " without std::regex. + // Returns true if header matches, with the params portion in `params_out`. + bool parse_content_disposition(const std::string &header, + std::string ¶ms_out) const { + constexpr const char prefix[] = "Content-Disposition:"; + constexpr size_t prefix_len = str_len(prefix); + + if (!start_with_case_ignore(header, prefix)) { return false; } + + // Skip whitespace after "Content-Disposition:" + auto pos = prefix_len; + while (pos < header.size() && (header[pos] == ' ' || header[pos] == '\t')) { + pos++; + } + + // Match "form-data;" (case-insensitive) + constexpr const char form_data[] = "form-data;"; + constexpr size_t form_data_len = str_len(form_data); + if (!start_with_case_ignore(header, form_data, pos)) { return false; } + pos += form_data_len; + + // Skip whitespace after "form-data;" + while (pos < header.size() && (header[pos] == ' ' || header[pos] == '\t')) { + pos++; + } + + params_out = header.substr(pos); + return true; + } + + const std::string dash_ = "--"; + const std::string crlf_ = "\r\n"; + std::string boundary_; + std::string dash_boundary_crlf_; + std::string crlf_dash_boundary_; + + size_t state_ = 0; + bool is_valid_ = false; + FormData file_; + + // Buffer + bool start_with(const std::string &a, size_t spos, size_t epos, + const std::string &b) const { + if (epos - spos < b.size()) { return false; } + for (size_t i = 0; i < b.size(); i++) { + if (a[i + spos] != b[i]) { return false; } + } + return true; + } + + size_t buf_size() const { return buf_epos_ - buf_spos_; } + + const char *buf_data() const { return &buf_[buf_spos_]; } + + std::string buf_head(size_t l) const { return buf_.substr(buf_spos_, l); } + + bool buf_start_with(const std::string &s) const { + return start_with(buf_, buf_spos_, buf_epos_, s); + } + + size_t buf_find(const std::string &s) const { + auto c = s.front(); + + size_t off = buf_spos_; + while (off < buf_epos_) { + auto pos = off; + while (true) { + if (pos == buf_epos_) { return buf_size(); } + if (buf_[pos] == c) { break; } + pos++; + } + + auto remaining_size = buf_epos_ - pos; + if (s.size() > remaining_size) { return buf_size(); } + + if (start_with(buf_, pos, buf_epos_, s)) { return pos - buf_spos_; } + + off = pos + 1; + } + + return buf_size(); + } + + void buf_append(const char *data, size_t n) { + auto remaining_size = buf_size(); + if (remaining_size > 0 && buf_spos_ > 0) { + for (size_t i = 0; i < remaining_size; i++) { + buf_[i] = buf_[buf_spos_ + i]; + } + } + buf_spos_ = 0; + buf_epos_ = remaining_size; + + if (remaining_size + n > buf_.size()) { buf_.resize(remaining_size + n); } + + for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) { + buf_[buf_epos_ + i] = data[i]; + } + buf_epos_ += n; + } + + void buf_erase(size_t size) { buf_spos_ += size; } + + std::string buf_; + size_t buf_spos_ = 0; + size_t buf_epos_ = 0; +}; + +inline std::string random_string(size_t length) { + constexpr const char data[] = + "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; + + thread_local auto engine([]() { + // std::random_device might actually be deterministic on some + // platforms, but due to lack of support in the c++ standard library, + // doing better requires either some ugly hacks or breaking portability. + std::random_device seed_gen; + // Request 128 bits of entropy for initialization + std::seed_seq seed_sequence{seed_gen(), seed_gen(), seed_gen(), seed_gen()}; + return std::mt19937(seed_sequence); + }()); + + std::string result; + for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++) { + result += data[engine() % (sizeof(data) - 1)]; + } + return result; +} + +inline std::string make_multipart_data_boundary() { + return "--cpp-httplib-multipart-data-" + detail::random_string(16); +} + +inline bool is_multipart_boundary_chars_valid(const std::string &boundary) { + auto valid = true; + for (size_t i = 0; i < boundary.size(); i++) { + auto c = boundary[i]; + if (!std::isalnum(static_cast(c)) && c != '-' && c != '_') { + valid = false; + break; + } + } + return valid; +} + +template +inline std::string +serialize_multipart_formdata_item_begin(const T &item, + const std::string &boundary) { + std::string body = "--" + boundary + "\r\n"; + body += "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + item.name + "\""; + if (!item.filename.empty()) { + body += "; filename=\"" + item.filename + "\""; + } + body += "\r\n"; + if (!item.content_type.empty()) { + body += "Content-Type: " + item.content_type + "\r\n"; + } + body += "\r\n"; + + return body; +} + +inline std::string serialize_multipart_formdata_item_end() { return "\r\n"; } + +inline std::string +serialize_multipart_formdata_finish(const std::string &boundary) { + return "--" + boundary + "--\r\n"; +} + +inline std::string +serialize_multipart_formdata_get_content_type(const std::string &boundary) { + return "multipart/form-data; boundary=" + boundary; +} + +inline std::string +serialize_multipart_formdata(const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const std::string &boundary, bool finish = true) { + std::string body; + + for (const auto &item : items) { + body += serialize_multipart_formdata_item_begin(item, boundary); + body += item.content + serialize_multipart_formdata_item_end(); + } + + if (finish) { body += serialize_multipart_formdata_finish(boundary); } + + return body; +} + +inline size_t get_multipart_content_length(const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const std::string &boundary) { + size_t total = 0; + for (const auto &item : items) { + total += serialize_multipart_formdata_item_begin(item, boundary).size(); + total += item.content.size(); + total += serialize_multipart_formdata_item_end().size(); + } + total += serialize_multipart_formdata_finish(boundary).size(); + return total; +} + +struct MultipartSegment { + const char *data; + size_t size; +}; + +// NOTE: items must outlive the returned ContentProvider +// (safe for synchronous use inside Post/Put/Patch) +inline ContentProvider +make_multipart_content_provider(const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const std::string &boundary) { + // Own the per-item header strings and the finish string + std::vector owned; + owned.reserve(items.size() + 1); + for (const auto &item : items) + owned.push_back(serialize_multipart_formdata_item_begin(item, boundary)); + owned.push_back(serialize_multipart_formdata_finish(boundary)); + + // Flat segment list: [header, content, "\r\n"] * N + [finish] + std::vector segs; + segs.reserve(items.size() * 3 + 1); + static const char crlf[] = "\r\n"; + for (size_t i = 0; i < items.size(); i++) { + segs.push_back({owned[i].data(), owned[i].size()}); + segs.push_back({items[i].content.data(), items[i].content.size()}); + segs.push_back({crlf, 2}); + } + segs.push_back({owned.back().data(), owned.back().size()}); + + struct MultipartState { + std::vector owned; + std::vector segs; + std::vector buf = std::vector(CPPHTTPLIB_SEND_BUFSIZ); + }; + auto state = std::make_shared(); + state->owned = std::move(owned); + // `segs` holds raw pointers into owned strings; std::string move preserves + // the data pointer, so these pointers remain valid after the move above. + state->segs = std::move(segs); + + return [state](size_t offset, size_t length, DataSink &sink) -> bool { + // Buffer multiple small segments into fewer, larger writes to avoid + // excessive TCP packets when there are many form data items (#2410) + auto &buf = state->buf; + auto buf_size = buf.size(); + size_t buf_len = 0; + size_t remaining = length; + + // Find the first segment containing 'offset' + size_t pos = 0; + size_t seg_idx = 0; + for (; seg_idx < state->segs.size(); seg_idx++) { + const auto &seg = state->segs[seg_idx]; + if (seg.size > 0 && offset - pos < seg.size) { break; } + pos += seg.size; + } + + size_t seg_offset = (seg_idx < state->segs.size()) ? offset - pos : 0; + + for (; seg_idx < state->segs.size() && remaining > 0; seg_idx++) { + const auto &seg = state->segs[seg_idx]; + size_t available = seg.size - seg_offset; + size_t to_copy = (std::min)(available, remaining); + const char *src = seg.data + seg_offset; + seg_offset = 0; // only the first segment has a non-zero offset + + while (to_copy > 0) { + size_t space = buf_size - buf_len; + size_t chunk = (std::min)(to_copy, space); + std::memcpy(buf.data() + buf_len, src, chunk); + buf_len += chunk; + src += chunk; + to_copy -= chunk; + remaining -= chunk; + + if (buf_len == buf_size) { + if (!sink.write(buf.data(), buf_len)) { return false; } + buf_len = 0; + } + } + } + + if (buf_len > 0) { return sink.write(buf.data(), buf_len); } + return true; + }; +} + +inline void coalesce_ranges(Ranges &ranges, size_t content_length) { + if (ranges.size() <= 1) return; + + // Sort ranges by start position + std::sort(ranges.begin(), ranges.end(), + [](const Range &a, const Range &b) { return a.first < b.first; }); + + Ranges coalesced; + coalesced.reserve(ranges.size()); + + for (auto &r : ranges) { + auto first_pos = r.first; + auto last_pos = r.second; + + // Handle special cases like in range_error + if (first_pos == -1 && last_pos == -1) { + first_pos = 0; + last_pos = static_cast(content_length); + } + + if (first_pos == -1) { + first_pos = static_cast(content_length) - last_pos; + last_pos = static_cast(content_length) - 1; + } + + if (last_pos == -1 || last_pos >= static_cast(content_length)) { + last_pos = static_cast(content_length) - 1; + } + + // Skip invalid ranges + if (!(0 <= first_pos && first_pos <= last_pos && + last_pos < static_cast(content_length))) { + continue; + } + + // Coalesce with previous range if overlapping or adjacent (but not + // identical) + if (!coalesced.empty()) { + auto &prev = coalesced.back(); + // Check if current range overlaps or is adjacent to previous range + // but don't coalesce identical ranges (allow duplicates) + if (first_pos <= prev.second + 1 && + !(first_pos == prev.first && last_pos == prev.second)) { + // Extend the previous range + prev.second = (std::max)(prev.second, last_pos); + continue; + } + } + + // Add new range + coalesced.emplace_back(first_pos, last_pos); + } + + ranges = std::move(coalesced); +} + +inline bool range_error(Request &req, Response &res) { + if (!req.ranges.empty() && 200 <= res.status && res.status < 300) { + if (res.body.empty() && res.content_provider_ && res.content_length_ == 0) { + req.ranges.clear(); + if (res.status == StatusCode::PartialContent_206) { + res.status = StatusCode::OK_200; + } + return false; + } + + ssize_t content_len = static_cast( + res.content_length_ ? res.content_length_ : res.body.size()); + + std::vector> processed_ranges; + size_t overwrapping_count = 0; + + // NOTE: The following Range check is based on '14.2. Range' in RFC 9110 + // 'HTTP Semantics' to avoid potential denial-of-service attacks. + // https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110#section-14.2 + + // Too many ranges + if (req.ranges.size() > CPPHTTPLIB_RANGE_MAX_COUNT) { return true; } + + for (auto &r : req.ranges) { + auto &first_pos = r.first; + auto &last_pos = r.second; + + if (first_pos == -1 && last_pos == -1) { + first_pos = 0; + last_pos = content_len; + } + + if (first_pos == -1) { + first_pos = content_len - last_pos; + last_pos = content_len - 1; + } + + // NOTE: RFC-9110 '14.1.2. Byte Ranges': + // A client can limit the number of bytes requested without knowing the + // size of the selected representation. If the last-pos value is absent, + // or if the value is greater than or equal to the current length of the + // representation data, the byte range is interpreted as the remainder of + // the representation (i.e., the server replaces the value of last-pos + // with a value that is one less than the current length of the selected + // representation). + // https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110.html#section-14.1.2-6 + if (last_pos == -1 || last_pos >= content_len) { + last_pos = content_len - 1; + } + + // Range must be within content length + if (!(0 <= first_pos && first_pos <= last_pos && + last_pos <= content_len - 1)) { + return true; + } + + // Request must not have more than two overlapping ranges + for (const auto &processed_range : processed_ranges) { + if (!(last_pos < processed_range.first || + first_pos > processed_range.second)) { + overwrapping_count++; + if (overwrapping_count > 2) { return true; } + break; // Only count once per range + } + } + + processed_ranges.emplace_back(first_pos, last_pos); + } + + // After validation, coalesce overlapping ranges as per RFC 9110 + coalesce_ranges(req.ranges, static_cast(content_len)); + } + + return false; +} + +inline std::pair +get_range_offset_and_length(Range r, size_t content_length) { + assert(r.first != -1 && r.second != -1); + assert(0 <= r.first && r.first < static_cast(content_length)); + assert(r.first <= r.second && + r.second < static_cast(content_length)); + (void)(content_length); + return std::make_pair(static_cast(r.first), + static_cast(r.second - r.first) + 1); +} + +inline std::string make_content_range_header_field( + const std::pair &offset_and_length, size_t content_length) { + auto st = offset_and_length.first; + auto ed = st + offset_and_length.second - 1; + + std::string field = "bytes "; + field += std::to_string(st); + field += '-'; + field += std::to_string(ed); + field += '/'; + field += std::to_string(content_length); + return field; +} + +template +bool process_multipart_ranges_data(const Request &req, + const std::string &boundary, + const std::string &content_type, + size_t content_length, SToken stoken, + CToken ctoken, Content content) { + for (size_t i = 0; i < req.ranges.size(); i++) { + ctoken("--"); + stoken(boundary); + ctoken("\r\n"); + if (!content_type.empty()) { + ctoken("Content-Type: "); + stoken(content_type); + ctoken("\r\n"); + } + + auto offset_and_length = + get_range_offset_and_length(req.ranges[i], content_length); + + ctoken("Content-Range: "); + stoken(make_content_range_header_field(offset_and_length, content_length)); + ctoken("\r\n"); + ctoken("\r\n"); + + if (!content(offset_and_length.first, offset_and_length.second)) { + return false; + } + ctoken("\r\n"); + } + + ctoken("--"); + stoken(boundary); + ctoken("--"); + + return true; +} + +inline void make_multipart_ranges_data(const Request &req, Response &res, + const std::string &boundary, + const std::string &content_type, + size_t content_length, + std::string &data) { + process_multipart_ranges_data( + req, boundary, content_type, content_length, + [&](const std::string &token) { data += token; }, + [&](const std::string &token) { data += token; }, + [&](size_t offset, size_t length) { + assert(offset + length <= content_length); + data += res.body.substr(offset, length); + return true; + }); +} + +inline size_t get_multipart_ranges_data_length(const Request &req, + const std::string &boundary, + const std::string &content_type, + size_t content_length) { + size_t data_length = 0; + + process_multipart_ranges_data( + req, boundary, content_type, content_length, + [&](const std::string &token) { data_length += token.size(); }, + [&](const std::string &token) { data_length += token.size(); }, + [&](size_t /*offset*/, size_t length) { + data_length += length; + return true; + }); + + return data_length; +} + +template +inline bool +write_multipart_ranges_data(Stream &strm, const Request &req, Response &res, + const std::string &boundary, + const std::string &content_type, + size_t content_length, const T &is_shutting_down) { + return process_multipart_ranges_data( + req, boundary, content_type, content_length, + [&](const std::string &token) { strm.write(token); }, + [&](const std::string &token) { strm.write(token); }, + [&](size_t offset, size_t length) { + return write_content(strm, res.content_provider_, offset, length, + is_shutting_down); + }); +} + +inline bool has_framed_body(const Request &req) { + return is_chunked_transfer_encoding(req.headers) || + req.get_header_value_u64("Content-Length") > 0; +} + +inline bool is_connection_persistent(const Request &req) { + auto conn = req.get_header_value("Connection"); + if (conn == "close") { return false; } + if (req.version == "HTTP/1.0" && conn != "Keep-Alive") { return false; } + return true; +} + +inline bool expect_content(const Request &req) { + if (req.method == "POST" || req.method == "PUT" || req.method == "PATCH" || + req.method == "DELETE") { + return true; + } + return has_framed_body(req); +} + +#ifdef _WIN32 +class WSInit { +public: + WSInit() { + WSADATA wsaData; + if (WSAStartup(0x0002, &wsaData) == 0) is_valid_ = true; + } + + ~WSInit() { + if (is_valid_) WSACleanup(); + } + + bool is_valid_ = false; +}; + +static WSInit wsinit_; +#endif + +inline bool parse_www_authenticate(const Response &res, + std::map &auth, + bool is_proxy) { + auto auth_key = is_proxy ? "Proxy-Authenticate" : "WWW-Authenticate"; + if (res.has_header(auth_key)) { + thread_local auto re = + std::regex(R"~((?:(?:,\s*)?(.+?)=(?:"(.*?)"|([^,]*))))~"); + auto s = res.get_header_value(auth_key); + auto pos = s.find(' '); + if (pos != std::string::npos) { + auto type = s.substr(0, pos); + if (type == "Basic") { + return false; + } else if (type == "Digest") { + s = s.substr(pos + 1); + auto beg = std::sregex_iterator(s.begin(), s.end(), re); + for (auto i = beg; i != std::sregex_iterator(); ++i) { + const auto &m = *i; + auto key = s.substr(static_cast(m.position(1)), + static_cast(m.length(1))); + auto val = m.length(2) > 0 + ? s.substr(static_cast(m.position(2)), + static_cast(m.length(2))) + : s.substr(static_cast(m.position(3)), + static_cast(m.length(3))); + auth[std::move(key)] = std::move(val); + } + return true; + } + } + } + return false; +} + +class ContentProviderAdapter { +public: + explicit ContentProviderAdapter( + ContentProviderWithoutLength &&content_provider) + : content_provider_(std::move(content_provider)) {} + + bool operator()(size_t offset, size_t, DataSink &sink) { + return content_provider_(offset, sink); + } + +private: + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider_; +}; + +// NOTE: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110#section-5 +namespace fields { + +inline bool is_token_char(char c) { + return std::isalnum(static_cast(c)) || c == '!' || c == '#' || + c == '$' || c == '%' || c == '&' || c == '\'' || c == '*' || + c == '+' || c == '-' || c == '.' || c == '^' || c == '_' || c == '`' || + c == '|' || c == '~'; +} + +inline bool is_token(const std::string &s) { + if (s.empty()) { return false; } + for (auto c : s) { + if (!is_token_char(c)) { return false; } + } + return true; +} + +inline bool is_field_name(const std::string &s) { return is_token(s); } + +inline bool is_vchar(char c) { return c >= 33 && c <= 126; } + +inline bool is_obs_text(char c) { return 128 <= static_cast(c); } + +inline bool is_field_vchar(char c) { return is_vchar(c) || is_obs_text(c); } + +inline bool is_field_content(const std::string &s) { + if (s.empty()) { return true; } + + if (s.size() == 1) { + return is_field_vchar(s[0]); + } else if (s.size() == 2) { + return is_field_vchar(s[0]) && is_field_vchar(s[1]); + } else { + size_t i = 0; + + if (!is_field_vchar(s[i])) { return false; } + i++; + + while (i < s.size() - 1) { + auto c = s[i++]; + if (c == ' ' || c == '\t' || is_field_vchar(c)) { + } else { + return false; + } + } + + return is_field_vchar(s[i]); + } +} + +inline bool is_field_value(const std::string &s) { return is_field_content(s); } + +} // namespace fields + +inline bool perform_websocket_handshake(Stream &strm, const std::string &host, + int port, const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, + std::string &selected_subprotocol) { + // Validate path and host + if (!fields::is_field_value(path) || !fields::is_field_value(host)) { + return false; + } + + // Validate user-provided headers + for (const auto &h : headers) { + if (!fields::is_field_name(h.first) || !fields::is_field_value(h.second)) { + return false; + } + } + + // Generate random Sec-WebSocket-Key + thread_local std::mt19937 rng(std::random_device{}()); + std::string key_bytes(16, '\0'); + for (size_t i = 0; i < 16; i += 4) { + auto r = rng(); + std::memcpy(&key_bytes[i], &r, (std::min)(size_t(4), size_t(16 - i))); + } + auto client_key = base64_encode(key_bytes); + + // Build upgrade request + std::string req_str = "GET " + path + " HTTP/1.1\r\n"; + req_str += "Host: " + host + ":" + std::to_string(port) + "\r\n"; + req_str += "Upgrade: websocket\r\n"; + req_str += "Connection: Upgrade\r\n"; + req_str += "Sec-WebSocket-Key: " + client_key + "\r\n"; + req_str += "Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13\r\n"; + for (const auto &h : headers) { + req_str += h.first + ": " + h.second + "\r\n"; + } + req_str += "\r\n"; + + if (strm.write(req_str.data(), req_str.size()) < 0) { return false; } + + // Verify 101 response and Sec-WebSocket-Accept header + auto expected_accept = websocket_accept_key(client_key); + return read_websocket_upgrade_response(strm, expected_accept, + selected_subprotocol); +} + +} // namespace detail + +/* + * Group 2: detail namespace - SSL common utilities + */ + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED +namespace detail { + +class SSLSocketStream final : public Stream { +public: + SSLSocketStream( + socket_t sock, tls::session_t session, time_t read_timeout_sec, + time_t read_timeout_usec, time_t write_timeout_sec, + time_t write_timeout_usec, time_t max_timeout_msec = 0, + std::chrono::time_point start_time = + (std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point::min)()); + ~SSLSocketStream() override; + + bool is_readable() const override; + bool wait_readable() const override; + bool wait_writable() const override; + bool is_peer_alive() const override; + ssize_t read(char *ptr, size_t size) override; + ssize_t write(const char *ptr, size_t size) override; + void get_remote_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, int &port) const override; + void get_local_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, int &port) const override; + socket_t socket() const override; + time_t duration() const override; + void set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec = 0) override; + +private: + socket_t sock_; + tls::session_t session_; + time_t read_timeout_sec_; + time_t read_timeout_usec_; + time_t write_timeout_sec_; + time_t write_timeout_usec_; + time_t max_timeout_msec_; + const std::chrono::time_point start_time_; +}; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT +inline std::string message_digest(const std::string &s, const EVP_MD *algo) { + auto context = std::unique_ptr( + EVP_MD_CTX_new(), EVP_MD_CTX_free); + + unsigned int hash_length = 0; + unsigned char hash[EVP_MAX_MD_SIZE]; + + EVP_DigestInit_ex(context.get(), algo, nullptr); + EVP_DigestUpdate(context.get(), s.c_str(), s.size()); + EVP_DigestFinal_ex(context.get(), hash, &hash_length); + + std::stringstream ss; + for (auto i = 0u; i < hash_length; ++i) { + ss << std::hex << std::setw(2) << std::setfill('0') + << static_cast(hash[i]); + } + + return ss.str(); +} + +inline std::string MD5(const std::string &s) { + return message_digest(s, EVP_md5()); +} + +inline std::string SHA_256(const std::string &s) { + return message_digest(s, EVP_sha256()); +} + +inline std::string SHA_512(const std::string &s) { + return message_digest(s, EVP_sha512()); +} +#elif defined(CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT) +namespace { +template +inline std::string hash_to_hex(const unsigned char (&hash)[N]) { + std::stringstream ss; + for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) { + ss << std::hex << std::setw(2) << std::setfill('0') + << static_cast(hash[i]); + } + return ss.str(); +} +} // namespace + +inline std::string MD5(const std::string &s) { + unsigned char hash[16]; +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_V3 + mbedtls_md5(reinterpret_cast(s.c_str()), s.size(), + hash); +#else + mbedtls_md5_ret(reinterpret_cast(s.c_str()), s.size(), + hash); +#endif + return hash_to_hex(hash); +} + +inline std::string SHA_256(const std::string &s) { + unsigned char hash[32]; +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_V3 + mbedtls_sha256(reinterpret_cast(s.c_str()), s.size(), + hash, 0); +#else + mbedtls_sha256_ret(reinterpret_cast(s.c_str()), + s.size(), hash, 0); +#endif + return hash_to_hex(hash); +} + +inline std::string SHA_512(const std::string &s) { + unsigned char hash[64]; +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_V3 + mbedtls_sha512(reinterpret_cast(s.c_str()), s.size(), + hash, 0); +#else + mbedtls_sha512_ret(reinterpret_cast(s.c_str()), + s.size(), hash, 0); +#endif + return hash_to_hex(hash); +} +#elif defined(CPPHTTPLIB_WOLFSSL_SUPPORT) +namespace { +template +inline std::string hash_to_hex(const unsigned char (&hash)[N]) { + std::stringstream ss; + for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) { + ss << std::hex << std::setw(2) << std::setfill('0') + << static_cast(hash[i]); + } + return ss.str(); +} +} // namespace + +inline std::string MD5(const std::string &s) { + unsigned char hash[WC_MD5_DIGEST_SIZE]; + wc_Md5Hash(reinterpret_cast(s.c_str()), + static_cast(s.size()), hash); + return hash_to_hex(hash); +} + +inline std::string SHA_256(const std::string &s) { + unsigned char hash[WC_SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE]; + wc_Sha256Hash(reinterpret_cast(s.c_str()), + static_cast(s.size()), hash); + return hash_to_hex(hash); +} + +inline std::string SHA_512(const std::string &s) { + unsigned char hash[WC_SHA512_DIGEST_SIZE]; + wc_Sha512Hash(reinterpret_cast(s.c_str()), + static_cast(s.size()), hash); + return hash_to_hex(hash); +} +#endif + +inline bool is_ip_address(const std::string &host) { + struct in_addr addr4; + struct in6_addr addr6; + return inet_pton(AF_INET, host.c_str(), &addr4) == 1 || + inet_pton(AF_INET6, host.c_str(), &addr6) == 1; +} + +template +inline bool process_server_socket_ssl( + const std::atomic &svr_sock, tls::session_t session, + socket_t sock, size_t keep_alive_max_count, time_t keep_alive_timeout_sec, + time_t read_timeout_sec, time_t read_timeout_usec, time_t write_timeout_sec, + time_t write_timeout_usec, T callback) { + return process_server_socket_core( + svr_sock, sock, keep_alive_max_count, keep_alive_timeout_sec, + [&](bool close_connection, bool &connection_closed) { + SSLSocketStream strm(sock, session, read_timeout_sec, read_timeout_usec, + write_timeout_sec, write_timeout_usec); + return callback(strm, close_connection, connection_closed); + }); +} + +template +inline bool process_client_socket_ssl( + tls::session_t session, socket_t sock, time_t read_timeout_sec, + time_t read_timeout_usec, time_t write_timeout_sec, + time_t write_timeout_usec, time_t max_timeout_msec, + std::chrono::time_point start_time, T callback) { + SSLSocketStream strm(sock, session, read_timeout_sec, read_timeout_usec, + write_timeout_sec, write_timeout_usec, max_timeout_msec, + start_time); + return callback(strm); +} + +inline std::pair make_digest_authentication_header( + const Request &req, const std::map &auth, + size_t cnonce_count, const std::string &cnonce, const std::string &username, + const std::string &password, bool is_proxy = false) { + std::string nc; + { + std::stringstream ss; + ss << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(8) << std::hex << cnonce_count; + nc = ss.str(); + } + + std::string qop; + if (auth.find("qop") != auth.end()) { + qop = auth.at("qop"); + if (qop.find("auth-int") != std::string::npos) { + qop = "auth-int"; + } else if (qop.find("auth") != std::string::npos) { + qop = "auth"; + } else { + qop.clear(); + } + } + + std::string algo = "MD5"; + if (auth.find("algorithm") != auth.end()) { algo = auth.at("algorithm"); } + + std::string response; + { + auto H = algo == "SHA-256" ? detail::SHA_256 + : algo == "SHA-512" ? detail::SHA_512 + : detail::MD5; + + auto A1 = username + ":" + auth.at("realm") + ":" + password; + + auto A2 = req.method + ":" + req.path; + if (qop == "auth-int") { A2 += ":" + H(req.body); } + + if (qop.empty()) { + response = H(H(A1) + ":" + auth.at("nonce") + ":" + H(A2)); + } else { + response = H(H(A1) + ":" + auth.at("nonce") + ":" + nc + ":" + cnonce + + ":" + qop + ":" + H(A2)); + } + } + + auto opaque = (auth.find("opaque") != auth.end()) ? auth.at("opaque") : ""; + + auto field = "Digest username=\"" + username + "\", realm=\"" + + auth.at("realm") + "\", nonce=\"" + auth.at("nonce") + + "\", uri=\"" + req.path + "\", algorithm=" + algo + + (qop.empty() ? ", response=\"" + : ", qop=" + qop + ", nc=" + nc + ", cnonce=\"" + + cnonce + "\", response=\"") + + response + "\"" + + (opaque.empty() ? "" : ", opaque=\"" + opaque + "\""); + + auto key = is_proxy ? "Proxy-Authorization" : "Authorization"; + return std::make_pair(key, field); +} + +inline bool match_hostname(const std::string &pattern, + const std::string &hostname) { + // Exact match (case-insensitive) + if (detail::case_ignore::equal(hostname, pattern)) { return true; } + + // Split both pattern and hostname into components by '.' + std::vector pattern_components; + if (!pattern.empty()) { + split(pattern.data(), pattern.data() + pattern.size(), '.', + [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + pattern_components.emplace_back(b, e); + }); + } + + std::vector host_components; + if (!hostname.empty()) { + split(hostname.data(), hostname.data() + hostname.size(), '.', + [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + host_components.emplace_back(b, e); + }); + } + + // Component count must match + if (host_components.size() != pattern_components.size()) { return false; } + + // Compare each component with wildcard support + // Supports: "*" (full wildcard), "prefix*" (partial wildcard) + // https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/firefox-3.0/+bug/376484 + auto itr = pattern_components.begin(); + for (const auto &h : host_components) { + auto &p = *itr; + if (!detail::case_ignore::equal(p, h) && p != "*") { + bool partial_match = false; + if (!p.empty() && p[p.size() - 1] == '*') { + const auto prefix_length = p.size() - 1; + if (prefix_length == 0) { + partial_match = true; + } else if (h.size() >= prefix_length) { + partial_match = + std::equal(p.begin(), + p.begin() + static_cast( + prefix_length), + h.begin(), [](const char ca, const char cb) { + return detail::case_ignore::to_lower(ca) == + detail::case_ignore::to_lower(cb); + }); + } + } + if (!partial_match) { return false; } + } + ++itr; + } + + return true; +} + +#ifdef _WIN32 +// Verify certificate using Windows CertGetCertificateChain API. +// This provides real-time certificate validation with Windows Update +// integration, independent of the TLS backend (OpenSSL or MbedTLS). +inline bool +verify_cert_with_windows_schannel(const std::vector &der_cert, + const std::string &hostname, + bool verify_hostname, uint64_t &out_error) { + if (der_cert.empty()) { return false; } + + out_error = 0; + + // Create Windows certificate context from DER data + auto cert_context = CertCreateCertificateContext( + X509_ASN_ENCODING | PKCS_7_ASN_ENCODING, der_cert.data(), + static_cast(der_cert.size())); + + if (!cert_context) { + out_error = GetLastError(); + return false; + } + + auto cert_guard = + scope_exit([&] { CertFreeCertificateContext(cert_context); }); + + // Setup chain parameters + CERT_CHAIN_PARA chain_para = {}; + chain_para.cbSize = sizeof(chain_para); + + // Build certificate chain with revocation checking + PCCERT_CHAIN_CONTEXT chain_context = nullptr; + auto chain_result = CertGetCertificateChain( + nullptr, cert_context, nullptr, cert_context->hCertStore, &chain_para, + CERT_CHAIN_CACHE_END_CERT | CERT_CHAIN_REVOCATION_CHECK_END_CERT | + CERT_CHAIN_REVOCATION_ACCUMULATIVE_TIMEOUT, + nullptr, &chain_context); + + if (!chain_result || !chain_context) { + out_error = GetLastError(); + return false; + } + + auto chain_guard = + scope_exit([&] { CertFreeCertificateChain(chain_context); }); + + // Check if chain has errors + if (chain_context->TrustStatus.dwErrorStatus != CERT_TRUST_NO_ERROR) { + out_error = chain_context->TrustStatus.dwErrorStatus; + return false; + } + + // Verify SSL policy + SSL_EXTRA_CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_PARA extra_policy_para = {}; + extra_policy_para.cbSize = sizeof(extra_policy_para); +#ifdef AUTHTYPE_SERVER + extra_policy_para.dwAuthType = AUTHTYPE_SERVER; +#endif + + std::wstring whost; + if (verify_hostname) { + whost = u8string_to_wstring(hostname.c_str()); + extra_policy_para.pwszServerName = const_cast(whost.c_str()); + } + + CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_PARA policy_para = {}; + policy_para.cbSize = sizeof(policy_para); +#ifdef CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_ALL_REV_UNKNOWN_FLAGS + policy_para.dwFlags = CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_ALL_REV_UNKNOWN_FLAGS; +#else + policy_para.dwFlags = 0; +#endif + policy_para.pvExtraPolicyPara = &extra_policy_para; + + CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_STATUS policy_status = {}; + policy_status.cbSize = sizeof(policy_status); + + if (!CertVerifyCertificateChainPolicy(CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_SSL, chain_context, + &policy_para, &policy_status)) { + out_error = GetLastError(); + return false; + } + + if (policy_status.dwError != 0) { + out_error = policy_status.dwError; + return false; + } + + return true; +} +#endif // _WIN32 + +// Loads CA file/dir configuration and applies the system CA policy to a +// client TLS context. PEM data and native stores are applied to the context +// directly at set time; has_custom_store reflects them for the Auto policy +// decision. +inline bool load_client_ca_config(tls::ctx_t ctx, + const std::string &ca_cert_file_path, + const std::string &ca_cert_dir_path, + bool has_custom_store, SystemCAMode mode, + uint64_t &backend_error) { + auto ret = true; + + if (!ca_cert_file_path.empty()) { + if (!tls::load_ca_file(ctx, ca_cert_file_path.c_str())) { + backend_error = tls::get_error(); + ret = false; + } + } else if (!ca_cert_dir_path.empty()) { + if (!tls::load_ca_dir(ctx, ca_cert_dir_path.c_str())) { + backend_error = tls::get_error(); + ret = false; + } + } + + auto has_custom_ca = !ca_cert_file_path.empty() || + !ca_cert_dir_path.empty() || has_custom_store; + if (mode == SystemCAMode::Enabled || + (mode == SystemCAMode::Auto && !has_custom_ca)) { + if (!tls::load_system_certs(ctx)) { backend_error = tls::get_error(); } + } + + return ret; +} + +inline bool setup_client_tls_session(const std::string &host, tls::ctx_t ctx, + tls::session_t &session, socket_t sock, + bool server_certificate_verification, + time_t timeout_sec, time_t timeout_usec) { + using namespace tls; + + if (!ctx) { return false; } + + bool is_ip = is_ip_address(host); + +#if defined(CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT) || defined(CPPHTTPLIB_WOLFSSL_SUPPORT) + // Chain verification happens during the handshake even for IP hosts; the + // certificate identity is verified post-handshake via verify_hostname() + set_verify_client(ctx, server_certificate_verification); +#endif + + session = create_session(ctx, sock); + if (!session) { return false; } + + // RFC 6066: SNI must not be set for IP addresses. On Mbed TLS and wolfSSL + // set_hostname also sets SNI, so it must be skipped for IP hosts as well; + // their identity is checked post-handshake below instead. + if (!is_ip) { + if (server_certificate_verification) { + set_hostname(session, host.c_str()); + } else { + set_sni(session, host.c_str()); + } + } + + if (!connect_nonblocking(session, sock, timeout_sec, timeout_usec, nullptr)) { + return false; + } + + if (server_certificate_verification) { + if (get_verify_result(session) != 0) { return false; } + + // Identity check against the peer certificate, post-handshake for all + // backends (same as SSLClient). For IP hosts this is the only identity + // verification since no hostname is bound during the handshake. + auto server_cert = get_peer_cert(session); + if (!server_cert) { return false; } + auto cert_guard = detail::scope_exit([&] { free_cert(server_cert); }); + if (!verify_hostname(server_cert, host.c_str())) { return false; } + } + + return true; +} + +} // namespace detail +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + +/* + * Group 3: httplib namespace - Non-SSL public API implementations + */ + +inline void default_socket_options(socket_t sock) { + set_socket_opt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, +#ifdef SO_REUSEPORT + SO_REUSEPORT, +#else + SO_REUSEADDR, +#endif + 1); +} + +inline bool set_socket_opt(socket_t sock, int level, int optname, int optval) { + return detail::set_socket_opt_impl(sock, level, optname, &optval, + sizeof(optval)); +} + +inline std::string get_bearer_token_auth(const Request &req) { + if (req.has_header("Authorization")) { + constexpr auto bearer_header_prefix_len = detail::str_len("Bearer "); + return req.get_header_value("Authorization") + .substr(bearer_header_prefix_len); + } + return ""; +} + +inline const char *status_message(int status) { + switch (status) { + case StatusCode::Continue_100: return "Continue"; + case StatusCode::SwitchingProtocol_101: return "Switching Protocol"; + case StatusCode::Processing_102: return "Processing"; + case StatusCode::EarlyHints_103: return "Early Hints"; + case StatusCode::OK_200: return "OK"; + case StatusCode::Created_201: return "Created"; + case StatusCode::Accepted_202: return "Accepted"; + case StatusCode::NonAuthoritativeInformation_203: + return "Non-Authoritative Information"; + case StatusCode::NoContent_204: return "No Content"; + case StatusCode::ResetContent_205: return "Reset Content"; + case StatusCode::PartialContent_206: return "Partial Content"; + case StatusCode::MultiStatus_207: return "Multi-Status"; + case StatusCode::AlreadyReported_208: return "Already Reported"; + case StatusCode::IMUsed_226: return "IM Used"; + case StatusCode::MultipleChoices_300: return "Multiple Choices"; + case StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301: return "Moved Permanently"; + case StatusCode::Found_302: return "Found"; + case StatusCode::SeeOther_303: return "See Other"; + case StatusCode::NotModified_304: return "Not Modified"; + case StatusCode::UseProxy_305: return "Use Proxy"; + case StatusCode::unused_306: return "unused"; + case StatusCode::TemporaryRedirect_307: return "Temporary Redirect"; + case StatusCode::PermanentRedirect_308: return "Permanent Redirect"; + case StatusCode::BadRequest_400: return "Bad Request"; + case StatusCode::Unauthorized_401: return "Unauthorized"; + case StatusCode::PaymentRequired_402: return "Payment Required"; + case StatusCode::Forbidden_403: return "Forbidden"; + case StatusCode::NotFound_404: return "Not Found"; + case StatusCode::MethodNotAllowed_405: return "Method Not Allowed"; + case StatusCode::NotAcceptable_406: return "Not Acceptable"; + case StatusCode::ProxyAuthenticationRequired_407: + return "Proxy Authentication Required"; + case StatusCode::RequestTimeout_408: return "Request Timeout"; + case StatusCode::Conflict_409: return "Conflict"; + case StatusCode::Gone_410: return "Gone"; + case StatusCode::LengthRequired_411: return "Length Required"; + case StatusCode::PreconditionFailed_412: return "Precondition Failed"; + case StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413: return "Payload Too Large"; + case StatusCode::UriTooLong_414: return "URI Too Long"; + case StatusCode::UnsupportedMediaType_415: return "Unsupported Media Type"; + case StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416: return "Range Not Satisfiable"; + case StatusCode::ExpectationFailed_417: return "Expectation Failed"; + case StatusCode::ImATeapot_418: return "I'm a teapot"; + case StatusCode::MisdirectedRequest_421: return "Misdirected Request"; + case StatusCode::UnprocessableContent_422: return "Unprocessable Content"; + case StatusCode::Locked_423: return "Locked"; + case StatusCode::FailedDependency_424: return "Failed Dependency"; + case StatusCode::TooEarly_425: return "Too Early"; + case StatusCode::UpgradeRequired_426: return "Upgrade Required"; + case StatusCode::PreconditionRequired_428: return "Precondition Required"; + case StatusCode::TooManyRequests_429: return "Too Many Requests"; + case StatusCode::RequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge_431: + return "Request Header Fields Too Large"; + case StatusCode::UnavailableForLegalReasons_451: + return "Unavailable For Legal Reasons"; + case StatusCode::NotImplemented_501: return "Not Implemented"; + case StatusCode::BadGateway_502: return "Bad Gateway"; + case StatusCode::ServiceUnavailable_503: return "Service Unavailable"; + case StatusCode::GatewayTimeout_504: return "Gateway Timeout"; + case StatusCode::HttpVersionNotSupported_505: + return "HTTP Version Not Supported"; + case StatusCode::VariantAlsoNegotiates_506: return "Variant Also Negotiates"; + case StatusCode::InsufficientStorage_507: return "Insufficient Storage"; + case StatusCode::LoopDetected_508: return "Loop Detected"; + case StatusCode::NotExtended_510: return "Not Extended"; + case StatusCode::NetworkAuthenticationRequired_511: + return "Network Authentication Required"; + + default: + case StatusCode::InternalServerError_500: return "Internal Server Error"; + } +} + +inline std::string to_string(const Error error) { + switch (error) { + case Error::Success: return "Success (no error)"; + case Error::Unknown: return "Unknown"; + case Error::Connection: return "Could not establish connection"; + case Error::BindIPAddress: return "Failed to bind IP address"; + case Error::Read: return "Failed to read connection"; + case Error::Write: return "Failed to write connection"; + case Error::ExceedRedirectCount: return "Maximum redirect count exceeded"; + case Error::Canceled: return "Connection handling canceled"; + case Error::SSLConnection: return "SSL connection failed"; + case Error::SSLLoadingCerts: return "SSL certificate loading failed"; + case Error::SSLServerVerification: return "SSL server verification failed"; + case Error::SSLServerHostnameVerification: + return "SSL server hostname verification failed"; + case Error::UnsupportedMultipartBoundaryChars: + return "Unsupported HTTP multipart boundary characters"; + case Error::Compression: return "Compression failed"; + case Error::ConnectionTimeout: return "Connection timed out"; + case Error::ProxyConnection: return "Proxy connection failed"; + case Error::ConnectionClosed: return "Connection closed by server"; + case Error::Timeout: return "Read timeout"; + case Error::ResourceExhaustion: return "Resource exhaustion"; + case Error::TooManyFormDataFiles: return "Too many form data files"; + case Error::ExceedMaxPayloadSize: return "Exceeded maximum payload size"; + case Error::ExceedUriMaxLength: return "Exceeded maximum URI length"; + case Error::ExceedMaxSocketDescriptorCount: + return "Exceeded maximum socket descriptor count"; + case Error::InvalidRequestLine: return "Invalid request line"; + case Error::InvalidHTTPMethod: return "Invalid HTTP method"; + case Error::InvalidHTTPVersion: return "Invalid HTTP version"; + case Error::InvalidHeaders: return "Invalid headers"; + case Error::MultipartParsing: return "Multipart parsing failed"; + case Error::OpenFile: return "Failed to open file"; + case Error::Listen: return "Failed to listen on socket"; + case Error::GetSockName: return "Failed to get socket name"; + case Error::UnsupportedAddressFamily: return "Unsupported address family"; + case Error::HTTPParsing: return "HTTP parsing failed"; + case Error::InvalidRangeHeader: return "Invalid Range header"; + default: break; + } + + return "Invalid"; +} + +inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Error &obj) { + os << to_string(obj); + os << " (" << static_cast::type>(obj) << ')'; + return os; +} + +inline std::string hosted_at(const std::string &hostname) { + std::vector addrs; + hosted_at(hostname, addrs); + if (addrs.empty()) { return std::string(); } + return addrs[0]; +} + +inline void hosted_at(const std::string &hostname, + std::vector &addrs) { + struct addrinfo hints; + struct addrinfo *result; + + memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo)); + hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC; + hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM; + hints.ai_protocol = 0; + + if (detail::getaddrinfo_with_timeout(hostname.c_str(), nullptr, &hints, + &result, 0)) { +#if defined __linux__ && !defined __ANDROID__ + res_init(); +#endif + return; + } + auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] { freeaddrinfo(result); }); + + for (auto rp = result; rp; rp = rp->ai_next) { + const auto &addr = + *reinterpret_cast(rp->ai_addr); + std::string ip; + auto dummy = -1; + if (detail::get_ip_and_port(addr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_storage), ip, + dummy)) { + addrs.emplace_back(std::move(ip)); + } + } +} + +inline std::string encode_uri_component(const std::string &value) { + std::ostringstream escaped; + escaped.fill('0'); + escaped << std::hex; + + for (auto c : value) { + if (std::isalnum(static_cast(c)) || c == '-' || c == '_' || + c == '.' || c == '!' || c == '~' || c == '*' || c == '\'' || c == '(' || + c == ')') { + escaped << c; + } else { + escaped << std::uppercase; + escaped << '%' << std::setw(2) + << static_cast(static_cast(c)); + escaped << std::nouppercase; + } + } + + return escaped.str(); +} + +inline std::string encode_uri(const std::string &value) { + std::ostringstream escaped; + escaped.fill('0'); + escaped << std::hex; + + for (auto c : value) { + if (std::isalnum(static_cast(c)) || c == '-' || c == '_' || + c == '.' || c == '!' || c == '~' || c == '*' || c == '\'' || c == '(' || + c == ')' || c == ';' || c == '/' || c == '?' || c == ':' || c == '@' || + c == '&' || c == '=' || c == '+' || c == '$' || c == ',' || c == '#') { + escaped << c; + } else { + escaped << std::uppercase; + escaped << '%' << std::setw(2) + << static_cast(static_cast(c)); + escaped << std::nouppercase; + } + } + + return escaped.str(); +} + +inline std::string decode_uri_component(const std::string &value) { + std::string result; + + for (size_t i = 0; i < value.size(); i++) { + if (value[i] == '%' && i + 2 < value.size()) { + auto val = 0; + if (detail::from_hex_to_i(value, i + 1, 2, val)) { + result += static_cast(val); + i += 2; + } else { + result += value[i]; + } + } else { + result += value[i]; + } + } + + return result; +} + +inline std::string decode_uri(const std::string &value) { + std::string result; + + for (size_t i = 0; i < value.size(); i++) { + if (value[i] == '%' && i + 2 < value.size()) { + auto val = 0; + if (detail::from_hex_to_i(value, i + 1, 2, val)) { + result += static_cast(val); + i += 2; + } else { + result += value[i]; + } + } else { + result += value[i]; + } + } + + return result; +} + +inline std::string encode_path_component(const std::string &component) { + std::string result; + result.reserve(component.size() * 3); + + for (size_t i = 0; i < component.size(); i++) { + auto c = static_cast(component[i]); + + // Unreserved characters per RFC 3986: ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~" + if (std::isalnum(c) || c == '-' || c == '.' || c == '_' || c == '~') { + result += static_cast(c); + } + // Path-safe sub-delimiters: "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")" / "*" / "+" / + // "," / ";" / "=" + else if (c == '!' || c == '$' || c == '&' || c == '\'' || c == '(' || + c == ')' || c == '*' || c == '+' || c == ',' || c == ';' || + c == '=') { + result += static_cast(c); + } + // Colon is allowed in path segments except first segment + else if (c == ':') { + result += static_cast(c); + } + // @ is allowed in path + else if (c == '@') { + result += static_cast(c); + } else { + result += '%'; + char hex[3]; + snprintf(hex, sizeof(hex), "%02X", c); + result.append(hex, 2); + } + } + return result; +} + +inline std::string decode_path_component(const std::string &component) { + std::string result; + result.reserve(component.size()); + + for (size_t i = 0; i < component.size(); i++) { + if (component[i] == '%' && i + 1 < component.size()) { + if (component[i + 1] == 'u') { + // Unicode %uXXXX encoding + auto val = 0; + if (detail::from_hex_to_i(component, i + 2, 4, val)) { + // 4 digits Unicode codes: val is 0x0000-0xFFFF (from 4 hex digits), + // so to_utf8 writes at most 3 bytes. buff[4] is safe. + char buff[4]; + size_t len = detail::to_utf8(val, buff); + if (len > 0) { result.append(buff, len); } + i += 5; // 'u0000' + } else { + result += component[i]; + } + } else { + // Standard %XX encoding + auto val = 0; + if (detail::from_hex_to_i(component, i + 1, 2, val)) { + // 2 digits hex codes + result += static_cast(val); + i += 2; // 'XX' + } else { + result += component[i]; + } + } + } else { + result += component[i]; + } + } + return result; +} + +inline std::string encode_query_component(const std::string &component, + bool space_as_plus) { + std::string result; + result.reserve(component.size() * 3); + + for (size_t i = 0; i < component.size(); i++) { + auto c = static_cast(component[i]); + + // Unreserved characters per RFC 3986 + if (std::isalnum(c) || c == '-' || c == '.' || c == '_' || c == '~') { + result += static_cast(c); + } + // Space handling + else if (c == ' ') { + if (space_as_plus) { + result += '+'; + } else { + result += "%20"; + } + } + // Plus sign handling + else if (c == '+') { + if (space_as_plus) { + result += "%2B"; + } else { + result += static_cast(c); + } + } + // Query-safe sub-delimiters (excluding & and = which are query delimiters) + else if (c == '!' || c == '$' || c == '\'' || c == '(' || c == ')' || + c == '*' || c == ',' || c == ';') { + result += static_cast(c); + } + // Colon and @ are allowed in query + else if (c == ':' || c == '@') { + result += static_cast(c); + } + // Forward slash is allowed in query values + else if (c == '/') { + result += static_cast(c); + } + // Question mark is allowed in query values (after first ?) + else if (c == '?') { + result += static_cast(c); + } else { + result += '%'; + char hex[3]; + snprintf(hex, sizeof(hex), "%02X", c); + result.append(hex, 2); + } + } + return result; +} + +inline std::string decode_query_component(const std::string &component, + bool plus_as_space) { + std::string result; + result.reserve(component.size()); + + for (size_t i = 0; i < component.size(); i++) { + if (component[i] == '%' && i + 2 < component.size()) { + auto val = 0; + if (detail::from_hex_to_i(component, i + 1, 2, val)) { + result += static_cast(val); + i += 2; + } else { + result += component[i]; + } + } else if (component[i] == '+' && plus_as_space) { + result += ' '; // + becomes space in form-urlencoded + } else { + result += component[i]; + } + } + return result; +} + +inline std::string sanitize_filename(const std::string &filename) { + // Extract basename: find the last path separator (/ or \) + auto pos = filename.find_last_of("/\\"); + auto result = + (pos != std::string::npos) ? filename.substr(pos + 1) : filename; + + // Strip null bytes + result.erase(std::remove(result.begin(), result.end(), '\0'), result.end()); + + // Trim whitespace + { + auto start = result.find_first_not_of(" \t"); + auto end = result.find_last_not_of(" \t"); + result = (start == std::string::npos) + ? "" + : result.substr(start, end - start + 1); + } + + // Reject . and .. + if (result == "." || result == "..") { return ""; } + + return result; +} + +inline std::string append_query_params(const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms) { + std::string path_with_query = path; + thread_local const std::regex re("[^?]+\\?.*"); + auto delm = std::regex_match(path, re) ? '&' : '?'; + path_with_query += delm + detail::params_to_query_str(params); + return path_with_query; +} + +// Header utilities +inline std::pair +make_range_header(const Ranges &ranges) { + std::string field = "bytes="; + auto i = 0; + for (const auto &r : ranges) { + if (i != 0) { field += ", "; } + if (r.first != -1) { field += std::to_string(r.first); } + field += '-'; + if (r.second != -1) { field += std::to_string(r.second); } + i++; + } + return std::make_pair("Range", std::move(field)); +} + +inline std::pair +make_basic_authentication_header(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password, bool is_proxy) { + auto field = "Basic " + detail::base64_encode(username + ":" + password); + auto key = is_proxy ? "Proxy-Authorization" : "Authorization"; + return std::make_pair(key, std::move(field)); +} + +inline std::pair +make_bearer_token_authentication_header(const std::string &token, + bool is_proxy = false) { + auto field = "Bearer " + token; + auto key = is_proxy ? "Proxy-Authorization" : "Authorization"; + return std::make_pair(key, std::move(field)); +} + +// Request implementation +inline size_t Request::get_header_value_u64(const std::string &key, size_t def, + size_t id) const { + return detail::get_header_value_u64(headers, key, def, id); +} + +inline bool Request::has_header(const std::string &key) const { + return detail::has_header(headers, key); +} + +inline std::string Request::get_header_value(const std::string &key, + const char *def, size_t id) const { + return detail::get_header_value(headers, key, def, id); +} + +inline size_t Request::get_header_value_count(const std::string &key) const { + return detail::get_header_value_count(headers, key); +} + +inline void Request::set_header(const std::string &key, + const std::string &val) { + detail::set_header(headers, key, val); +} + +inline bool Request::has_trailer(const std::string &key) const { + return trailers.find(key) != trailers.end(); +} + +inline std::string Request::get_trailer_value(const std::string &key, + size_t id) const { + return detail::get_multimap_value(trailers, key, id); +} + +inline size_t Request::get_trailer_value_count(const std::string &key) const { + auto r = trailers.equal_range(key); + return static_cast(std::distance(r.first, r.second)); +} + +inline bool Request::has_param(const std::string &key) const { + return params.find(key) != params.end(); +} + +inline std::string Request::get_param_value(const std::string &key, + size_t id) const { + return detail::get_multimap_value(params, key, id); +} + +inline std::vector +Request::get_param_values(const std::string &key) const { + auto rng = params.equal_range(key); + std::vector values; + values.reserve(static_cast(std::distance(rng.first, rng.second))); + for (auto it = rng.first; it != rng.second; ++it) { + values.push_back(it->second); + } + return values; +} + +inline size_t Request::get_param_value_count(const std::string &key) const { + auto r = params.equal_range(key); + return static_cast(std::distance(r.first, r.second)); +} + +inline bool Request::is_multipart_form_data() const { + const auto &content_type = get_header_value("Content-Type"); + return detail::extract_media_type(content_type) == "multipart/form-data"; +} + +// Multipart FormData implementation +inline std::string MultipartFormData::get_field(const std::string &key, + size_t id) const { + auto rng = fields.equal_range(key); + auto it = rng.first; + std::advance(it, static_cast(id)); + if (it != rng.second) { return it->second.content; } + return std::string(); +} + +inline std::vector +MultipartFormData::get_fields(const std::string &key) const { + std::vector values; + auto rng = fields.equal_range(key); + for (auto it = rng.first; it != rng.second; it++) { + values.push_back(it->second.content); + } + return values; +} + +inline bool MultipartFormData::has_field(const std::string &key) const { + return fields.find(key) != fields.end(); +} + +inline size_t MultipartFormData::get_field_count(const std::string &key) const { + auto r = fields.equal_range(key); + return static_cast(std::distance(r.first, r.second)); +} + +inline FormData MultipartFormData::get_file(const std::string &key, + size_t id) const { + return detail::get_multimap_value(files, key, id); +} + +inline std::vector +MultipartFormData::get_files(const std::string &key) const { + std::vector values; + auto rng = files.equal_range(key); + for (auto it = rng.first; it != rng.second; it++) { + values.push_back(it->second); + } + return values; +} + +inline bool MultipartFormData::has_file(const std::string &key) const { + return files.find(key) != files.end(); +} + +inline size_t MultipartFormData::get_file_count(const std::string &key) const { + auto r = files.equal_range(key); + return static_cast(std::distance(r.first, r.second)); +} + +// Response implementation +inline size_t Response::get_header_value_u64(const std::string &key, size_t def, + size_t id) const { + return detail::get_header_value_u64(headers, key, def, id); +} + +inline bool Response::has_header(const std::string &key) const { + return headers.find(key) != headers.end(); +} + +inline std::string Response::get_header_value(const std::string &key, + const char *def, + size_t id) const { + return detail::get_header_value(headers, key, def, id); +} + +inline size_t Response::get_header_value_count(const std::string &key) const { + return detail::get_header_value_count(headers, key); +} + +inline void Response::set_header(const std::string &key, + const std::string &val) { + detail::set_header(headers, key, val); +} +inline bool Response::has_trailer(const std::string &key) const { + return trailers.find(key) != trailers.end(); +} + +inline std::string Response::get_trailer_value(const std::string &key, + size_t id) const { + return detail::get_multimap_value(trailers, key, id); +} + +inline size_t Response::get_trailer_value_count(const std::string &key) const { + auto r = trailers.equal_range(key); + return static_cast(std::distance(r.first, r.second)); +} + +inline void Response::set_redirect(const std::string &url, int stat) { + if (detail::fields::is_field_value(url)) { + set_header("Location", url); + if (300 <= stat && stat < 400) { + this->status = stat; + } else { + this->status = StatusCode::Found_302; + } + } +} + +inline void Response::set_content(const char *s, size_t n, + const std::string &content_type) { + body.assign(s, n); + + auto rng = headers.equal_range("Content-Type"); + headers.erase(rng.first, rng.second); + set_header("Content-Type", content_type); +} + +inline void Response::set_content(const std::string &s, + const std::string &content_type) { + set_content(s.data(), s.size(), content_type); +} + +inline void Response::set_content(std::string &&s, + const std::string &content_type) { + body = std::move(s); + + auto rng = headers.equal_range("Content-Type"); + headers.erase(rng.first, rng.second); + set_header("Content-Type", content_type); +} + +inline void Response::set_content_provider( + size_t in_length, const std::string &content_type, ContentProvider provider, + ContentProviderResourceReleaser resource_releaser) { + set_header("Content-Type", content_type); + content_length_ = in_length; + if (in_length > 0) { content_provider_ = std::move(provider); } + content_provider_resource_releaser_ = std::move(resource_releaser); + is_chunked_content_provider_ = false; +} + +inline void Response::set_content_provider( + const std::string &content_type, ContentProviderWithoutLength provider, + ContentProviderResourceReleaser resource_releaser) { + set_header("Content-Type", content_type); + content_length_ = 0; + content_provider_ = detail::ContentProviderAdapter(std::move(provider)); + content_provider_resource_releaser_ = std::move(resource_releaser); + is_chunked_content_provider_ = false; +} + +inline void Response::set_chunked_content_provider( + const std::string &content_type, ContentProviderWithoutLength provider, + ContentProviderResourceReleaser resource_releaser) { + set_header("Content-Type", content_type); + content_length_ = 0; + content_provider_ = detail::ContentProviderAdapter(std::move(provider)); + content_provider_resource_releaser_ = std::move(resource_releaser); + is_chunked_content_provider_ = true; +} + +inline void Response::set_file_content(const std::string &path, + const std::string &content_type) { + file_content_path_ = path; + file_content_content_type_ = content_type; +} + +inline void Response::set_file_content(const std::string &path) { + file_content_path_ = path; +} + +// Result implementation +inline size_t Result::get_request_header_value_u64(const std::string &key, + size_t def, + size_t id) const { + return detail::get_header_value_u64(request_headers_, key, def, id); +} + +inline bool Result::has_request_header(const std::string &key) const { + return request_headers_.find(key) != request_headers_.end(); +} + +inline std::string Result::get_request_header_value(const std::string &key, + const char *def, + size_t id) const { + return detail::get_header_value(request_headers_, key, def, id); +} + +inline size_t +Result::get_request_header_value_count(const std::string &key) const { + auto r = request_headers_.equal_range(key); + return static_cast(std::distance(r.first, r.second)); +} + +// Stream implementation +inline ssize_t Stream::write(const char *ptr) { + return write(ptr, strlen(ptr)); +} + +inline ssize_t Stream::write(const std::string &s) { + return write(s.data(), s.size()); +} + +// BodyReader implementation +inline ssize_t detail::BodyReader::read(char *buf, size_t len) { + if (!stream) { + last_error = Error::Connection; + return -1; + } + if (eof) { return 0; } + + if (!chunked) { + // Content-Length based reading + if (has_content_length && bytes_read >= content_length) { + eof = true; + return 0; + } + + auto to_read = len; + if (has_content_length) { + auto remaining = content_length - bytes_read; + to_read = (std::min)(len, remaining); + } + auto n = stream->read(buf, to_read); + + if (n < 0) { + last_error = stream->get_error(); + if (last_error == Error::Success) { last_error = Error::Read; } + eof = true; + return n; + } + if (n == 0) { + // Unexpected EOF before content_length + last_error = stream->get_error(); + if (last_error == Error::Success) { last_error = Error::Read; } + eof = true; + return 0; + } + + bytes_read += static_cast(n); + if (has_content_length && bytes_read >= content_length) { eof = true; } + if (payload_max_length > 0 && bytes_read > payload_max_length) { + last_error = Error::ExceedMaxPayloadSize; + eof = true; + return -1; + } + return n; + } + + // Chunked transfer encoding: delegate to shared decoder instance. + if (!chunked_decoder) { chunked_decoder.reset(new ChunkedDecoder(*stream)); } + + size_t chunk_offset = 0; + size_t chunk_total = 0; + auto n = chunked_decoder->read_payload(buf, len, chunk_offset, chunk_total); + if (n < 0) { + last_error = stream->get_error(); + if (last_error == Error::Success) { last_error = Error::Read; } + eof = true; + return n; + } + + if (n == 0) { + // Final chunk observed. Leave trailer parsing to the caller (StreamHandle). + eof = true; + return 0; + } + + bytes_read += static_cast(n); + if (payload_max_length > 0 && bytes_read > payload_max_length) { + last_error = Error::ExceedMaxPayloadSize; + eof = true; + return -1; + } + return n; +} + +// ThreadPool implementation +inline ThreadPool::ThreadPool(size_t n, size_t max_n, size_t mqr) + : base_thread_count_(n), max_queued_requests_(mqr), idle_thread_count_(0), + shutdown_(false) { +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS + if (max_n != 0 && max_n < n) { + std::string msg = "max_threads must be >= base_threads"; + throw std::invalid_argument(msg); + } +#endif + max_thread_count_ = max_n == 0 ? n : max_n; + threads_.reserve(base_thread_count_); +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS + try { +#endif + for (size_t i = 0; i < base_thread_count_; i++) { + threads_.emplace_back(std::thread([this]() { worker(false); })); + } +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS + } catch (...) { + // If thread creation fails partway (e.g., pthread_create returns EAGAIN), + // signal the workers we already spawned to exit and join them so the + // vector destructor does not see joinable threads (which would call + // std::terminate). Then rethrow so the caller learns of the failure. + { + std::unique_lock lock(mutex_); + shutdown_ = true; + } + cond_.notify_all(); + for (auto &t : threads_) { + if (t.joinable()) { t.join(); } + } + throw; + } +#endif +} + +inline bool ThreadPool::enqueue(std::function fn) { + { + std::unique_lock lock(mutex_); + if (shutdown_) { return false; } + if (max_queued_requests_ > 0 && jobs_.size() >= max_queued_requests_) { + return false; + } + jobs_.push_back(std::move(fn)); + + // Spawn a dynamic thread if no idle threads and under max + if (idle_thread_count_ == 0 && + threads_.size() + dynamic_threads_.size() < max_thread_count_) { + cleanup_finished_threads(); + dynamic_threads_.emplace_back(std::thread([this]() { worker(true); })); + } + } + + cond_.notify_one(); + return true; +} + +inline void ThreadPool::shutdown() { + { + std::unique_lock lock(mutex_); + shutdown_ = true; + } + + cond_.notify_all(); + + for (auto &t : threads_) { + if (t.joinable()) { t.join(); } + } + + // Move dynamic_threads_ to a local list under the lock to avoid racing + // with worker threads that call move_to_finished() concurrently. + std::list remaining_dynamic; + { + std::unique_lock lock(mutex_); + remaining_dynamic = std::move(dynamic_threads_); + } + for (auto &t : remaining_dynamic) { + if (t.joinable()) { t.join(); } + } + + std::unique_lock lock(mutex_); + cleanup_finished_threads(); +} + +inline void ThreadPool::move_to_finished(std::thread::id id) { + // Must be called with mutex_ held + for (auto it = dynamic_threads_.begin(); it != dynamic_threads_.end(); ++it) { + if (it->get_id() == id) { + finished_threads_.push_back(std::move(*it)); + dynamic_threads_.erase(it); + return; + } + } +} + +inline void ThreadPool::cleanup_finished_threads() { + // Must be called with mutex_ held + for (auto &t : finished_threads_) { + if (t.joinable()) { t.join(); } + } + finished_threads_.clear(); +} + +inline void ThreadPool::worker(bool is_dynamic) { + for (;;) { + std::function fn; + { + std::unique_lock lock(mutex_); + idle_thread_count_++; + + if (is_dynamic) { + auto has_work = cond_.wait_for( + lock, std::chrono::seconds(CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_IDLE_TIMEOUT), + [&] { return !jobs_.empty() || shutdown_; }); + if (!has_work) { + // Timed out with no work - exit this dynamic thread + idle_thread_count_--; + move_to_finished(std::this_thread::get_id()); + break; + } + } else { + cond_.wait(lock, [&] { return !jobs_.empty() || shutdown_; }); + } + + idle_thread_count_--; + + if (shutdown_ && jobs_.empty()) { break; } + + fn = std::move(jobs_.front()); + jobs_.pop_front(); + } + + assert(true == static_cast(fn)); + fn(); + } + +#if defined(CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT) && !defined(OPENSSL_IS_BORINGSSL) && \ + !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) + OPENSSL_thread_stop(); +#endif +} + +/* + * Group 1 (continued): detail namespace - Stream implementations + */ + +namespace detail { + +inline void calc_actual_timeout(time_t max_timeout_msec, time_t duration_msec, + time_t timeout_sec, time_t timeout_usec, + time_t &actual_timeout_sec, + time_t &actual_timeout_usec) { + auto timeout_msec = (timeout_sec * 1000) + (timeout_usec / 1000); + + auto actual_timeout_msec = + (std::min)(max_timeout_msec - duration_msec, timeout_msec); + + if (actual_timeout_msec < 0) { actual_timeout_msec = 0; } + + actual_timeout_sec = actual_timeout_msec / 1000; + actual_timeout_usec = (actual_timeout_msec % 1000) * 1000; +} + +// Socket stream implementation +inline SocketStream::SocketStream( + socket_t sock, time_t read_timeout_sec, time_t read_timeout_usec, + time_t write_timeout_sec, time_t write_timeout_usec, + time_t max_timeout_msec, + std::chrono::time_point start_time) + : sock_(sock), read_timeout_sec_(read_timeout_sec), + read_timeout_usec_(read_timeout_usec), + write_timeout_sec_(write_timeout_sec), + write_timeout_usec_(write_timeout_usec), + max_timeout_msec_(max_timeout_msec), start_time_(start_time), + read_buff_(read_buff_size_, 0) {} + +inline SocketStream::~SocketStream() = default; + +inline bool SocketStream::is_readable() const { + return read_buff_off_ < read_buff_content_size_; +} + +inline bool SocketStream::wait_readable() const { + if (max_timeout_msec_ <= 0) { + return select_read(sock_, read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_) > 0; + } + + time_t read_timeout_sec; + time_t read_timeout_usec; + calc_actual_timeout(max_timeout_msec_, duration(), read_timeout_sec_, + read_timeout_usec_, read_timeout_sec, read_timeout_usec); + + return select_read(sock_, read_timeout_sec, read_timeout_usec) > 0; +} + +inline bool SocketStream::wait_writable() const { + return select_write(sock_, write_timeout_sec_, write_timeout_usec_) > 0; +} + +inline bool SocketStream::is_peer_alive() const { + return detail::is_socket_alive(sock_); +} + +inline ssize_t SocketStream::read(char *ptr, size_t size) { +#ifdef _WIN32 + size = + (std::min)(size, static_cast((std::numeric_limits::max)())); +#else + size = (std::min)(size, + static_cast((std::numeric_limits::max)())); +#endif + + if (read_buff_off_ < read_buff_content_size_) { + auto remaining_size = read_buff_content_size_ - read_buff_off_; + if (size <= remaining_size) { + memcpy(ptr, read_buff_.data() + read_buff_off_, size); + read_buff_off_ += size; + return static_cast(size); + } else { + memcpy(ptr, read_buff_.data() + read_buff_off_, remaining_size); + read_buff_off_ += remaining_size; + return static_cast(remaining_size); + } + } + + if (!wait_readable()) { + error_ = Error::Timeout; + return -1; + } + + read_buff_off_ = 0; + read_buff_content_size_ = 0; + + if (size < read_buff_size_) { + auto n = read_socket(sock_, read_buff_.data(), read_buff_size_, + CPPHTTPLIB_RECV_FLAGS); + if (n <= 0) { + if (n == 0) { + error_ = Error::ConnectionClosed; + } else { + error_ = Error::Read; + } + return n; + } else if (n <= static_cast(size)) { + memcpy(ptr, read_buff_.data(), static_cast(n)); + return n; + } else { + memcpy(ptr, read_buff_.data(), size); + read_buff_off_ = size; + read_buff_content_size_ = static_cast(n); + return static_cast(size); + } + } else { + auto n = read_socket(sock_, ptr, size, CPPHTTPLIB_RECV_FLAGS); + if (n <= 0) { + if (n == 0) { + error_ = Error::ConnectionClosed; + } else { + error_ = Error::Read; + } + } + return n; + } +} + +inline ssize_t SocketStream::write(const char *ptr, size_t size) { + if (!wait_writable()) { return -1; } + +#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64) + size = + (std::min)(size, static_cast((std::numeric_limits::max)())); +#endif + + return send_socket(sock_, ptr, size, CPPHTTPLIB_SEND_FLAGS); +} + +inline void SocketStream::get_remote_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, + int &port) const { + return detail::get_remote_ip_and_port(sock_, ip, port); +} + +inline void SocketStream::get_local_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, + int &port) const { + return detail::get_local_ip_and_port(sock_, ip, port); +} + +inline socket_t SocketStream::socket() const { return sock_; } + +inline time_t SocketStream::duration() const { + return std::chrono::duration_cast( + std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start_time_) + .count(); +} + +inline void SocketStream::set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + read_timeout_sec_ = sec; + read_timeout_usec_ = usec; +} + +// Buffer stream implementation +inline bool BufferStream::is_readable() const { return true; } + +inline bool BufferStream::wait_readable() const { return true; } + +inline bool BufferStream::wait_writable() const { return true; } + +inline ssize_t BufferStream::read(char *ptr, size_t size) { +#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1910 + auto len_read = buffer._Copy_s(ptr, size, size, position); +#else + auto len_read = buffer.copy(ptr, size, position); +#endif + position += static_cast(len_read); + return static_cast(len_read); +} + +inline ssize_t BufferStream::write(const char *ptr, size_t size) { + buffer.append(ptr, size); + return static_cast(size); +} + +inline void BufferStream::get_remote_ip_and_port(std::string & /*ip*/, + int & /*port*/) const {} + +inline void BufferStream::get_local_ip_and_port(std::string & /*ip*/, + int & /*port*/) const {} + +inline socket_t BufferStream::socket() const { return 0; } + +inline time_t BufferStream::duration() const { return 0; } + +inline const std::string &BufferStream::get_buffer() const { return buffer; } + +inline PathParamsMatcher::PathParamsMatcher(const std::string &pattern) + : MatcherBase(pattern) { + constexpr const char marker[] = "/:"; + + // One past the last ending position of a path param substring + std::size_t last_param_end = 0; + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS + // Needed to ensure that parameter names are unique during matcher + // construction + // If exceptions are disabled, only last duplicate path + // parameter will be set + std::unordered_set param_name_set; +#endif + + while (true) { + const auto marker_pos = pattern.find( + marker, last_param_end == 0 ? last_param_end : last_param_end - 1); + if (marker_pos == std::string::npos) { break; } + + static_fragments_.push_back( + pattern.substr(last_param_end, marker_pos - last_param_end + 1)); + + const auto param_name_start = marker_pos + str_len(marker); + + auto sep_pos = pattern.find(separator, param_name_start); + if (sep_pos == std::string::npos) { sep_pos = pattern.length(); } + + auto param_name = + pattern.substr(param_name_start, sep_pos - param_name_start); + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS + if (param_name_set.find(param_name) != param_name_set.cend()) { + std::string msg = "Encountered path parameter '" + param_name + + "' multiple times in route pattern '" + pattern + "'."; + throw std::invalid_argument(msg); + } +#endif + + param_names_.push_back(std::move(param_name)); + + last_param_end = sep_pos + 1; + } + + if (last_param_end < pattern.length()) { + static_fragments_.push_back(pattern.substr(last_param_end)); + } +} + +inline bool PathParamsMatcher::match(Request &request) const { + request.matches = std::smatch(); + request.path_params.clear(); + request.path_params.reserve(param_names_.size()); + + // One past the position at which the path matched the pattern last time + std::size_t starting_pos = 0; + for (size_t i = 0; i < static_fragments_.size(); ++i) { + const auto &fragment = static_fragments_[i]; + + if (starting_pos + fragment.length() > request.path.length()) { + return false; + } + + // Avoid unnecessary allocation by using strncmp instead of substr + + // comparison + if (std::strncmp(request.path.c_str() + starting_pos, fragment.c_str(), + fragment.length()) != 0) { + return false; + } + + starting_pos += fragment.length(); + + // Should only happen when we have a static fragment after a param + // Example: '/users/:id/subscriptions' + // The 'subscriptions' fragment here does not have a corresponding param + if (i >= param_names_.size()) { continue; } + + auto sep_pos = request.path.find(separator, starting_pos); + if (sep_pos == std::string::npos) { sep_pos = request.path.length(); } + + const auto ¶m_name = param_names_[i]; + + request.path_params.emplace( + param_name, request.path.substr(starting_pos, sep_pos - starting_pos)); + + // Mark everything up to '/' as matched + starting_pos = sep_pos + 1; + } + // Returns false if the path is longer than the pattern + return starting_pos >= request.path.length(); +} + +inline bool RegexMatcher::match(Request &request) const { + request.path_params.clear(); + return std::regex_match(request.path, request.matches, regex_); +} + +// Enclose IPv6 address in brackets if needed +inline std::string prepare_host_string(const std::string &host) { + // Enclose IPv6 address in brackets (but not if already enclosed) + if (host.find(':') == std::string::npos || + (!host.empty() && host[0] == '[')) { + // IPv4, hostname, or already bracketed IPv6 + return host; + } else { + // IPv6 address without brackets + return "[" + host + "]"; + } +} + +inline std::string make_host_and_port_string(const std::string &host, int port, + bool is_ssl) { + auto result = prepare_host_string(host); + + // Append port if not default + if ((!is_ssl && port == 80) || (is_ssl && port == 443)) { + ; // do nothing + } else { + result += ":" + std::to_string(port); + } + + return result; +} + +// Create "host:port" string always including port number (for CONNECT method) +inline std::string +make_host_and_port_string_always_port(const std::string &host, int port) { + return prepare_host_string(host) + ":" + std::to_string(port); +} + +bool parse_no_proxy_entry(const std::string &token, NoProxyEntry &out); +NormalizedTarget normalize_target(const std::string &host); +bool ip_in_cidr(const IPBytes &ip, const IPBytes &net, int prefix_bits); +bool host_matches_no_proxy(const NormalizedTarget &target, + const std::vector &entries); + +inline bool ip_in_cidr(const IPBytes &ip, const IPBytes &net, int prefix_bits) { + if (prefix_bits < 0 || prefix_bits > 128) { return false; } + if (prefix_bits == 0) { return true; } + int full_bytes = prefix_bits / 8; + int rem_bits = prefix_bits % 8; + if (full_bytes > 0 && std::memcmp(ip.data(), net.data(), + static_cast(full_bytes)) != 0) { + return false; + } + if (rem_bits == 0) { return true; } + auto i = static_cast(full_bytes); + auto mask = static_cast(0xFFu << (8 - rem_bits)); + return (ip[i] & mask) == (net[i] & mask); +} + +inline bool parse_no_proxy_entry(const std::string &token, NoProxyEntry &out) { + if (token.empty()) { return false; } + + if (token == "*") { + out.kind = NoProxyKind::Wildcard; + return true; + } + + auto slash = token.find('/'); + std::string addr_part = + (slash == std::string::npos) ? token : token.substr(0, slash); + std::string prefix_part = + (slash == std::string::npos) ? std::string() : token.substr(slash + 1); + + // A bare slash or trailing-slash CIDR like "10.0.0.0/" is malformed; + // don't silently treat it as a /32 (or /128). + if (slash != std::string::npos && prefix_part.empty()) { return false; } + + // Accept the bracketed IPv6 form ("[::1]", "[fe80::]/10") as well as the + // bare form. Brackets have no meaning for IPv4, so skip the IPv4 attempt + // when brackets are present. + bool bracketed = addr_part.size() >= 2 && addr_part.front() == '[' && + addr_part.back() == ']'; + if (bracketed) { addr_part = addr_part.substr(1, addr_part.size() - 2); } + + if (!bracketed) { + struct in_addr v4; + if (inet_pton(AF_INET, addr_part.c_str(), &v4) == 1) { + int prefix = 32; + if (!prefix_part.empty()) { + auto r = from_chars(prefix_part.data(), + prefix_part.data() + prefix_part.size(), prefix); + if (r.ec != std::errc{} || + r.ptr != prefix_part.data() + prefix_part.size()) { + return false; + } + if (prefix < 0 || prefix > 32) { return false; } + } + out.kind = NoProxyKind::IPv4Cidr; + std::memcpy(out.net.data(), &v4, sizeof(v4)); + out.prefix_bits = prefix; + return true; + } + } + + struct in6_addr v6; + if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, addr_part.c_str(), &v6) == 1) { + int prefix = 128; + if (!prefix_part.empty()) { + auto r = from_chars(prefix_part.data(), + prefix_part.data() + prefix_part.size(), prefix); + if (r.ec != std::errc{} || + r.ptr != prefix_part.data() + prefix_part.size()) { + return false; + } + if (prefix < 0 || prefix > 128) { return false; } + } + out.kind = NoProxyKind::IPv6Cidr; + std::memcpy(out.net.data(), &v6, sizeof(v6)); + out.prefix_bits = prefix; + return true; + } + + // Bracketed entries can only be IPv6. If the IPv6 parse above failed, + // the entry is malformed — don't fall through to the hostname branch. + if (bracketed) { return false; } + + // A '/' on a non-IP token means a CIDR prefix without an address. Reject. + if (slash != std::string::npos) { return false; } + // Port-specific entries (host:port) are not supported. + if (token.find(':') != std::string::npos) { return false; } + + std::string hostname = case_ignore::to_lower(token); + while (!hostname.empty() && hostname.front() == '.') { + hostname.erase(hostname.begin()); + } + while (!hostname.empty() && hostname.back() == '.') { + hostname.pop_back(); + } + if (hostname.empty()) { return false; } + + out.kind = NoProxyKind::HostnameSuffix; + out.hostname_pattern = std::move(hostname); + return true; +} + +inline NormalizedTarget normalize_target(const std::string &host) { + NormalizedTarget t; + std::string h = host; + + if (h.size() >= 2 && h.front() == '[' && h.back() == ']') { + h = h.substr(1, h.size() - 2); + } + + // Strip a single trailing dot so "example.com." canonicalizes to + // "example.com". + if (!h.empty() && h.back() == '.') { h.pop_back(); } + + t.hostname = case_ignore::to_lower(h); + + if (!t.hostname.empty()) { + struct in_addr v4; + struct in6_addr v6; + if (inet_pton(AF_INET, t.hostname.c_str(), &v4) == 1) { + t.is_ipv4 = true; + std::memcpy(t.ip.data(), &v4, sizeof(v4)); + } else if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, t.hostname.c_str(), &v6) == 1) { + t.is_ipv6 = true; + std::memcpy(t.ip.data(), &v6, sizeof(v6)); + } + } + return t; +} + +inline bool host_matches_no_proxy(const NormalizedTarget &target, + const std::vector &entries) { + if (target.hostname.empty()) { return false; } + for (const auto &e : entries) { + switch (e.kind) { + case NoProxyKind::Wildcard: return true; + case NoProxyKind::IPv4Cidr: + if (target.is_ipv4 && ip_in_cidr(target.ip, e.net, e.prefix_bits)) { + return true; + } + break; + case NoProxyKind::IPv6Cidr: + if (target.is_ipv6 && ip_in_cidr(target.ip, e.net, e.prefix_bits)) { + return true; + } + break; + case NoProxyKind::HostnameSuffix: + if (target.is_ipv4 || target.is_ipv6) { break; } + if (target.hostname == e.hostname_pattern) { return true; } + // Dot-boundary suffix match: prevents "evilexample.com" from matching + // an entry of "example.com". + if (target.hostname.size() > e.hostname_pattern.size() + 1) { + auto offset = target.hostname.size() - e.hostname_pattern.size(); + if (target.hostname[offset - 1] == '.' && + target.hostname.compare(offset, e.hostname_pattern.size(), + e.hostname_pattern) == 0) { + return true; + } + } + break; + } + } + return false; +} + +template +inline bool check_and_write_headers(Stream &strm, Headers &headers, + T header_writer, Error &error) { + for (const auto &h : headers) { + if (!detail::fields::is_field_name(h.first) || + !detail::fields::is_field_value(h.second)) { + error = Error::InvalidHeaders; + return false; + } + } + if (header_writer(strm, headers) <= 0) { + error = Error::Write; + return false; + } + return true; +} + +} // namespace detail + +/* + * Group 2 (continued): detail namespace - SSLSocketStream implementation + */ + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED +namespace detail { + +// SSL socket stream implementation +inline SSLSocketStream::SSLSocketStream( + socket_t sock, tls::session_t session, time_t read_timeout_sec, + time_t read_timeout_usec, time_t write_timeout_sec, + time_t write_timeout_usec, time_t max_timeout_msec, + std::chrono::time_point start_time) + : sock_(sock), session_(session), read_timeout_sec_(read_timeout_sec), + read_timeout_usec_(read_timeout_usec), + write_timeout_sec_(write_timeout_sec), + write_timeout_usec_(write_timeout_usec), + max_timeout_msec_(max_timeout_msec), start_time_(start_time) { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT + // Clear AUTO_RETRY for proper non-blocking I/O timeout handling + // Note: create_session() also clears this, but SSLClient currently + // uses ssl_new() which does not. Until full TLS API migration is complete, + // we need to ensure AUTO_RETRY is cleared here regardless of how the + // SSL session was created. + SSL_clear_mode(static_cast(session), SSL_MODE_AUTO_RETRY); +#endif +} + +inline SSLSocketStream::~SSLSocketStream() = default; + +inline bool SSLSocketStream::is_readable() const { + return tls::pending(session_) > 0; +} + +inline bool SSLSocketStream::wait_readable() const { + if (max_timeout_msec_ <= 0) { + return select_read(sock_, read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_) > 0; + } + + time_t read_timeout_sec; + time_t read_timeout_usec; + calc_actual_timeout(max_timeout_msec_, duration(), read_timeout_sec_, + read_timeout_usec_, read_timeout_sec, read_timeout_usec); + + return select_read(sock_, read_timeout_sec, read_timeout_usec) > 0; +} + +inline bool SSLSocketStream::wait_writable() const { + return select_write(sock_, write_timeout_sec_, write_timeout_usec_) > 0 && + !tls::is_peer_closed(session_, sock_); +} + +inline bool SSLSocketStream::is_peer_alive() const { + return !tls::is_peer_closed(session_, sock_); +} + +inline ssize_t SSLSocketStream::read(char *ptr, size_t size) { + if (tls::pending(session_) > 0) { + tls::TlsError err; + auto ret = tls::read(session_, ptr, size, err); + if (ret == 0 || err.code == tls::ErrorCode::PeerClosed) { + error_ = Error::ConnectionClosed; + } + return ret; + } else if (wait_readable()) { + tls::TlsError err; + auto ret = tls::read(session_, ptr, size, err); + if (ret < 0) { + auto n = 1000; +#ifdef _WIN32 + while (--n >= 0 && (err.code == tls::ErrorCode::WantRead || + (err.code == tls::ErrorCode::SyscallError && + WSAGetLastError() == WSAETIMEDOUT))) { +#else + while (--n >= 0 && err.code == tls::ErrorCode::WantRead) { +#endif + if (tls::pending(session_) > 0) { + return tls::read(session_, ptr, size, err); + } else if (wait_readable()) { + std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::microseconds{10}); + ret = tls::read(session_, ptr, size, err); + if (ret >= 0) { return ret; } + } else { + break; + } + } + assert(ret < 0); + } else if (ret == 0 || err.code == tls::ErrorCode::PeerClosed) { + error_ = Error::ConnectionClosed; + } + return ret; + } else { + error_ = Error::Timeout; + return -1; + } +} + +inline ssize_t SSLSocketStream::write(const char *ptr, size_t size) { + if (wait_writable()) { + auto handle_size = + std::min(size, (std::numeric_limits::max)()); + + tls::TlsError err; + auto ret = tls::write(session_, ptr, handle_size, err); + if (ret < 0) { + auto n = 1000; +#ifdef _WIN32 + while (--n >= 0 && (err.code == tls::ErrorCode::WantWrite || + (err.code == tls::ErrorCode::SyscallError && + WSAGetLastError() == WSAETIMEDOUT))) { +#else + while (--n >= 0 && err.code == tls::ErrorCode::WantWrite) { +#endif + if (wait_writable()) { + std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::microseconds{10}); + ret = tls::write(session_, ptr, handle_size, err); + if (ret >= 0) { return ret; } + } else { + break; + } + } + assert(ret < 0); + } + return ret; + } + return -1; +} + +inline void SSLSocketStream::get_remote_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, + int &port) const { + detail::get_remote_ip_and_port(sock_, ip, port); +} + +inline void SSLSocketStream::get_local_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, + int &port) const { + detail::get_local_ip_and_port(sock_, ip, port); +} + +inline socket_t SSLSocketStream::socket() const { return sock_; } + +inline time_t SSLSocketStream::duration() const { + return std::chrono::duration_cast( + std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start_time_) + .count(); +} + +inline void SSLSocketStream::set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + read_timeout_sec_ = sec; + read_timeout_usec_ = usec; +} + +} // namespace detail +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + +/* + * Group 4: Server implementation + */ + +// HTTP server implementation +inline Server::Server() + : new_task_queue([] { + return new ThreadPool(CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_COUNT, + CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_MAX_COUNT); + }) { +#ifndef _WIN32 + signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN); +#endif +} + +inline Server::~Server() = default; + +inline std::unique_ptr +Server::make_matcher(const std::string &pattern) { + if (pattern.find("/:") != std::string::npos) { + return detail::make_unique(pattern); + } else { + return detail::make_unique(pattern); + } +} + +inline Server &Server::Get(const std::string &pattern, Handler handler) { + return add_handler(get_handlers_, pattern, std::move(handler)); +} + +inline Server &Server::Post(const std::string &pattern, Handler handler) { + return add_handler(post_handlers_, pattern, std::move(handler)); +} + +inline Server &Server::Post(const std::string &pattern, + HandlerWithContentReader handler) { + return add_handler(post_handlers_for_content_reader_, pattern, + std::move(handler)); +} + +inline Server &Server::Put(const std::string &pattern, Handler handler) { + return add_handler(put_handlers_, pattern, std::move(handler)); +} + +inline Server &Server::Put(const std::string &pattern, + HandlerWithContentReader handler) { + return add_handler(put_handlers_for_content_reader_, pattern, + std::move(handler)); +} + +inline Server &Server::Patch(const std::string &pattern, Handler handler) { + return add_handler(patch_handlers_, pattern, std::move(handler)); +} + +inline Server &Server::Patch(const std::string &pattern, + HandlerWithContentReader handler) { + return add_handler(patch_handlers_for_content_reader_, pattern, + std::move(handler)); +} + +inline Server &Server::Delete(const std::string &pattern, Handler handler) { + return add_handler(delete_handlers_, pattern, std::move(handler)); +} + +inline Server &Server::Delete(const std::string &pattern, + HandlerWithContentReader handler) { + return add_handler(delete_handlers_for_content_reader_, pattern, + std::move(handler)); +} + +inline Server &Server::Options(const std::string &pattern, Handler handler) { + return add_handler(options_handlers_, pattern, std::move(handler)); +} + +inline Server &Server::WebSocket(const std::string &pattern, + WebSocketHandler handler) { + websocket_handlers_.push_back( + {make_matcher(pattern), std::move(handler), nullptr}); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::WebSocket(const std::string &pattern, + WebSocketHandler handler, + SubProtocolSelector sub_protocol_selector) { + websocket_handlers_.push_back({make_matcher(pattern), std::move(handler), + std::move(sub_protocol_selector)}); + return *this; +} + +inline bool Server::set_base_dir(const std::string &dir, + const std::string &mount_point) { + return set_mount_point(mount_point, dir); +} + +inline bool Server::set_mount_point(const std::string &mount_point, + const std::string &dir, Headers headers) { + detail::FileStat stat(dir); + if (stat.is_dir()) { + std::string mnt = !mount_point.empty() ? mount_point : "/"; + if (!mnt.empty() && mnt[0] == '/') { + std::string resolved_base; + if (detail::canonicalize_path(dir.c_str(), resolved_base)) { +#if defined(_WIN32) + if (resolved_base.back() != '\\' && resolved_base.back() != '/') { + resolved_base += '\\'; + } +#else + if (resolved_base.back() != '/') { resolved_base += '/'; } +#endif + } + base_dirs_.push_back( + {std::move(mnt), dir, std::move(resolved_base), std::move(headers)}); + return true; + } + } + return false; +} + +inline bool Server::remove_mount_point(const std::string &mount_point) { + for (auto it = base_dirs_.begin(); it != base_dirs_.end(); ++it) { + if (it->mount_point == mount_point) { + base_dirs_.erase(it); + return true; + } + } + return false; +} + +inline Server & +Server::set_file_extension_and_mimetype_mapping(const std::string &ext, + const std::string &mime) { + file_extension_and_mimetype_map_[ext] = mime; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_default_file_mimetype(const std::string &mime) { + default_file_mimetype_ = mime; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_file_request_handler(Handler handler) { + file_request_handler_ = std::move(handler); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_error_handler_core(HandlerWithResponse handler, + std::true_type) { + error_handler_ = std::move(handler); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_error_handler_core(Handler handler, + std::false_type) { + error_handler_ = [handler](const Request &req, Response &res) { + handler(req, res); + return HandlerResponse::Handled; + }; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_exception_handler(ExceptionHandler handler) { + exception_handler_ = std::move(handler); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_pre_routing_handler(HandlerWithResponse handler) { + pre_routing_handler_ = std::move(handler); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_post_routing_handler(Handler handler) { + post_routing_handler_ = std::move(handler); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_pre_request_handler(HandlerWithResponse handler) { + pre_request_handler_ = std::move(handler); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_logger(Logger logger) { + logger_ = std::move(logger); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_error_logger(ErrorLogger error_logger) { + error_logger_ = std::move(error_logger); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_pre_compression_logger(Logger logger) { + pre_compression_logger_ = std::move(logger); + return *this; +} + +inline Server & +Server::set_expect_100_continue_handler(Expect100ContinueHandler handler) { + expect_100_continue_handler_ = std::move(handler); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_start_handler(StartHandler handler) { + start_handler_ = std::move(handler); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_address_family(int family) { + address_family_ = family; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_tcp_nodelay(bool on) { + tcp_nodelay_ = on; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_ipv6_v6only(bool on) { + ipv6_v6only_ = on; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_socket_options(SocketOptions socket_options) { + socket_options_ = std::move(socket_options); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_default_headers(Headers headers) { + default_headers_ = std::move(headers); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_header_writer( + std::function const &writer) { + header_writer_ = writer; + return *this; +} + +inline Server & +Server::set_trusted_proxies(const std::vector &proxies) { + trusted_proxies_ = proxies; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_keep_alive_max_count(size_t count) { + keep_alive_max_count_ = count; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_keep_alive_timeout(time_t sec) { + keep_alive_timeout_sec_ = sec; + return *this; +} + +template +inline Server &Server::set_keep_alive_timeout( + const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + detail::duration_to_sec_and_usec(duration, [&](time_t sec, time_t /*usec*/) { + set_keep_alive_timeout(sec); + }); + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + read_timeout_sec_ = sec; + read_timeout_usec_ = usec; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_write_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + write_timeout_sec_ = sec; + write_timeout_usec_ = usec; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_idle_interval(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + idle_interval_sec_ = sec; + idle_interval_usec_ = usec; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_payload_max_length(size_t length) { + payload_max_length_ = length; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_websocket_max_missed_pongs(int count) { + websocket_max_missed_pongs_ = count; + return *this; +} + +inline Server &Server::set_websocket_ping_interval(time_t sec) { + websocket_ping_interval_sec_ = sec; + return *this; +} + +template +inline Server &Server::set_websocket_ping_interval( + const std::chrono::duration &duration) { + detail::duration_to_sec_and_usec(duration, [&](time_t sec, time_t /*usec*/) { + set_websocket_ping_interval(sec); + }); + return *this; +} + +inline bool Server::bind_to_port(const std::string &host, int port, + int socket_flags) { + auto ret = bind_internal(host, port, socket_flags); + if (ret == -1) { is_decommissioned = true; } + return ret >= 0; +} +inline int Server::bind_to_any_port(const std::string &host, int socket_flags) { + auto ret = bind_internal(host, 0, socket_flags); + if (ret == -1) { is_decommissioned = true; } + return ret; +} + +inline bool Server::listen_after_bind() { return listen_internal(); } + +inline bool Server::listen(const std::string &host, int port, + int socket_flags) { + return bind_to_port(host, port, socket_flags) && listen_internal(); +} + +inline bool Server::is_running() const { return is_running_; } + +inline void Server::wait_until_ready() const { + while (!is_running_ && !is_decommissioned) { + std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds{1}); + } +} + +inline void Server::stop() noexcept { + if (is_running_) { + assert(svr_sock_ != INVALID_SOCKET); + std::atomic sock(svr_sock_.exchange(INVALID_SOCKET)); + detail::shutdown_socket(sock); + detail::close_socket(sock); + } + is_decommissioned = false; +} + +inline void Server::decommission() { is_decommissioned = true; } + +inline bool Server::parse_request_line(const char *s, Request &req) const { + auto len = strlen(s); + if (len < 2 || s[len - 2] != '\r' || s[len - 1] != '\n') { return false; } + len -= 2; + + { + size_t count = 0; + + detail::split(s, s + len, ' ', [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + switch (count) { + case 0: req.method = std::string(b, e); break; + case 1: req.target = std::string(b, e); break; + case 2: req.version = std::string(b, e); break; + default: break; + } + count++; + }); + + if (count != 3) { return false; } + } + + thread_local const std::set methods{ + "GET", "HEAD", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE", + "CONNECT", "OPTIONS", "TRACE", "PATCH", "PRI"}; + + if (methods.find(req.method) == methods.end()) { + output_error_log(Error::InvalidHTTPMethod, &req); + return false; + } + + if (req.version != "HTTP/1.1" && req.version != "HTTP/1.0") { + output_error_log(Error::InvalidHTTPVersion, &req); + return false; + } + + { + // Skip URL fragment + for (size_t i = 0; i < req.target.size(); i++) { + if (req.target[i] == '#') { + req.target.erase(i); + break; + } + } + + detail::divide(req.target, '?', + [&](const char *lhs_data, std::size_t lhs_size, + const char *rhs_data, std::size_t rhs_size) { + req.path = + decode_path_component(std::string(lhs_data, lhs_size)); + detail::parse_query_text(rhs_data, rhs_size, req.params); + }); + } + + return true; +} + +inline bool Server::write_response(Stream &strm, bool close_connection, + Request &req, Response &res) { + // NOTE: `req.ranges` should be empty, otherwise it will be applied + // incorrectly to the error content. + req.ranges.clear(); + return write_response_core(strm, close_connection, req, res, false); +} + +inline bool Server::write_response_with_content(Stream &strm, + bool close_connection, + const Request &req, + Response &res) { + return write_response_core(strm, close_connection, req, res, true); +} + +inline bool Server::write_response_core(Stream &strm, bool close_connection, + const Request &req, Response &res, + bool need_apply_ranges) { + assert(res.status != -1); + + if (400 <= res.status && error_handler_ && + error_handler_(req, res) == HandlerResponse::Handled) { + need_apply_ranges = true; + } + + std::string content_type; + std::string boundary; + if (need_apply_ranges) { apply_ranges(req, res, content_type, boundary); } + + // Prepare additional headers + if (close_connection || req.get_header_value("Connection") == "close" || + 400 <= res.status) { // Don't leave connections open after errors + res.set_header("Connection", "close"); + } else { + std::string s = "timeout="; + s += std::to_string(keep_alive_timeout_sec_); + s += ", max="; + s += std::to_string(keep_alive_max_count_); + res.set_header("Keep-Alive", s); + } + + if ((!res.body.empty() || res.content_length_ > 0 || res.content_provider_) && + !res.has_header("Content-Type")) { + res.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain"); + } + + if (res.body.empty() && !res.content_length_ && !res.content_provider_ && + !res.has_header("Content-Length")) { + res.set_header("Content-Length", "0"); + } + + if (req.method == "HEAD" && !res.has_header("Accept-Ranges")) { + res.set_header("Accept-Ranges", "bytes"); + } + + if (post_routing_handler_) { post_routing_handler_(req, res); } + + // Response line and headers + detail::BufferStream bstrm; + if (!detail::write_response_line(bstrm, res.status)) { return false; } + if (header_writer_(bstrm, res.headers) <= 0) { return false; } + + // Combine small body with headers to reduce write syscalls + if (req.method != "HEAD" && !res.body.empty() && !res.content_provider_) { + bstrm.write(res.body.data(), res.body.size()); + } + + // Log before writing to avoid race condition with client-side code that + // accesses logger-captured data immediately after receiving the response. + output_log(req, res); + + // Flush buffer + auto &data = bstrm.get_buffer(); + if (!detail::write_data(strm, data.data(), data.size())) { return false; } + + // Streaming body + auto ret = true; + if (req.method != "HEAD" && res.content_provider_) { + if (write_content_with_provider(strm, req, res, boundary, content_type)) { + res.content_provider_success_ = true; + } else { + ret = false; + } + } + + return ret; +} + +inline bool +Server::write_content_with_provider(Stream &strm, const Request &req, + Response &res, const std::string &boundary, + const std::string &content_type) { + auto is_shutting_down = [this]() { + return this->svr_sock_ == INVALID_SOCKET; + }; + + if (res.content_length_ > 0) { + if (req.ranges.empty()) { + return detail::write_content(strm, res.content_provider_, 0, + res.content_length_, is_shutting_down); + } else if (req.ranges.size() == 1) { + auto offset_and_length = detail::get_range_offset_and_length( + req.ranges[0], res.content_length_); + + return detail::write_content(strm, res.content_provider_, + offset_and_length.first, + offset_and_length.second, is_shutting_down); + } else { + return detail::write_multipart_ranges_data( + strm, req, res, boundary, content_type, res.content_length_, + is_shutting_down); + } + } else { + if (res.is_chunked_content_provider_) { + auto type = detail::encoding_type(req, res); + + auto compressor = detail::make_compressor(type); + if (!compressor) { + compressor = detail::make_unique(); + } + + return detail::write_content_chunked(strm, res.content_provider_, + is_shutting_down, *compressor); + } else { + return detail::write_content_without_length(strm, res.content_provider_, + is_shutting_down); + } + } +} + +inline bool Server::read_content(Stream &strm, Request &req, Response &res) { + FormFields::iterator cur_field; + FormFiles::iterator cur_file; + auto is_text_field = false; + size_t count = 0; + if (read_content_core( + strm, req, res, + // Regular + [&](const char *buf, size_t n) { + // Prevent arithmetic overflow when checking sizes. + // Avoid computing (req.body.size() + n) directly because + // adding two unsigned `size_t` values can wrap around and + // produce a small result instead of indicating overflow. + // Instead, check using subtraction: ensure `n` does not + // exceed the remaining capacity `max_size() - size()`. + if (req.body.size() >= req.body.max_size() || + n > req.body.max_size() - req.body.size()) { + return false; + } + + // Limit decompressed body size to payload_max_length_ to protect + // against "zip bomb" attacks where a small compressed payload + // decompresses to a massive size. + if (payload_max_length_ > 0 && + (req.body.size() >= payload_max_length_ || + n > payload_max_length_ - req.body.size())) { + return false; + } + + req.body.append(buf, n); + return true; + }, + // Multipart FormData + [&](const FormData &file) { + if (count++ == CPPHTTPLIB_MULTIPART_FORM_DATA_FILE_MAX_COUNT) { + output_error_log(Error::TooManyFormDataFiles, &req); + return false; + } + + if (file.filename.empty()) { + cur_field = req.form.fields.emplace( + file.name, FormField{file.name, file.content, file.headers}); + is_text_field = true; + } else { + cur_file = req.form.files.emplace(file.name, file); + is_text_field = false; + } + return true; + }, + [&](const char *buf, size_t n) { + if (is_text_field) { + auto &content = cur_field->second.content; + if (content.size() + n > content.max_size()) { return false; } + content.append(buf, n); + } else { + auto &content = cur_file->second.content; + if (content.size() + n > content.max_size()) { return false; } + content.append(buf, n); + } + return true; + })) { + const auto &content_type = req.get_header_value("Content-Type"); + if (detail::extract_media_type(content_type) == + "application/x-www-form-urlencoded") { + if (req.body.size() > CPPHTTPLIB_FORM_URL_ENCODED_PAYLOAD_MAX_LENGTH) { + res.status = StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413; // NOTE: should be 414? + output_error_log(Error::ExceedMaxPayloadSize, &req); + return false; + } + detail::parse_query_text(req.body, req.params); + } + return true; + } + return false; +} + +inline bool Server::read_content_with_content_receiver( + Stream &strm, Request &req, Response &res, ContentReceiver receiver, + FormDataHeader multipart_header, ContentReceiver multipart_receiver) { + return read_content_core(strm, req, res, std::move(receiver), + std::move(multipart_header), + std::move(multipart_receiver)); +} + +inline bool Server::read_content_core( + Stream &strm, Request &req, Response &res, ContentReceiver receiver, + FormDataHeader multipart_header, ContentReceiver multipart_receiver) const { + detail::FormDataParser multipart_form_data_parser; + ContentReceiverWithProgress out; + + if (req.is_multipart_form_data()) { + const auto &content_type = req.get_header_value("Content-Type"); + std::string boundary; + if (!detail::parse_multipart_boundary(content_type, boundary)) { + res.status = StatusCode::BadRequest_400; + output_error_log(Error::MultipartParsing, &req); + return false; + } + + multipart_form_data_parser.set_boundary(std::move(boundary)); + out = [&](const char *buf, size_t n, size_t /*off*/, size_t /*len*/) { + return multipart_form_data_parser.parse(buf, n, multipart_header, + multipart_receiver); + }; + } else { + out = [receiver](const char *buf, size_t n, size_t /*off*/, + size_t /*len*/) { return receiver(buf, n); }; + } + + // RFC 9112 §6: no Transfer-Encoding and no Content-Length means no body. + // For non-SSL builds we still scan non-persistent connections for stray + // body bytes so the payload limit is enforced (413). On keep-alive, + // pending bytes may be the next request (issue #2450), so skip. +#if !defined(CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED) + if (!req.has_header("Content-Length") && + !detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(req.headers)) { + if (!detail::is_connection_persistent(req) && payload_max_length_ > 0 && + payload_max_length_ < (std::numeric_limits::max)()) { + auto has_data = strm.is_readable(); + if (!has_data) { + auto s = strm.socket(); + if (s != INVALID_SOCKET) { + has_data = detail::select_read(s, 0, 0) > 0; + } + } + if (has_data) { + auto result = + detail::read_content_without_length(strm, payload_max_length_, out); + if (result == detail::ReadContentResult::PayloadTooLarge) { + res.status = StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413; + return false; + } else if (result != detail::ReadContentResult::Success) { + return false; + } + return true; + } + } + return true; + } +#else + if (!req.has_header("Content-Length") && + !detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(req.headers)) { + return true; + } +#endif + + if (!detail::read_content(strm, req, payload_max_length_, res.status, nullptr, + out, true)) { + return false; + } + + req.body_consumed_ = true; + + if (req.is_multipart_form_data()) { + if (!multipart_form_data_parser.is_valid()) { + res.status = StatusCode::BadRequest_400; + output_error_log(Error::MultipartParsing, &req); + return false; + } + } + + return true; +} + +inline bool Server::handle_file_request(Request &req, Response &res) { + for (const auto &entry : base_dirs_) { + // Prefix match + if (!req.path.compare(0, entry.mount_point.size(), entry.mount_point)) { + std::string sub_path = "/" + req.path.substr(entry.mount_point.size()); + if (detail::is_valid_path(sub_path)) { + auto path = entry.base_dir + sub_path; + if (path.back() == '/') { path += "index.html"; } + + // Defense-in-depth: is_valid_path blocks ".." traversal in the URL, + // but symlinks/junctions can still escape the base directory. + if (!entry.resolved_base_dir.empty()) { + std::string resolved_path; + if (detail::canonicalize_path(path.c_str(), resolved_path) && + !detail::is_path_within_base(resolved_path, + entry.resolved_base_dir)) { + res.status = StatusCode::Forbidden_403; + return true; + } + } + + detail::FileStat stat(path); + + if (stat.is_dir()) { + res.set_redirect(sub_path + "/", StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301); + return true; + } + + if (stat.is_file()) { + for (const auto &kv : entry.headers) { + res.set_header(kv.first, kv.second); + } + + auto etag = detail::compute_etag(stat); + if (!etag.empty()) { res.set_header("ETag", etag); } + + auto mtime = stat.mtime(); + + auto last_modified = detail::file_mtime_to_http_date(mtime); + if (!last_modified.empty()) { + res.set_header("Last-Modified", last_modified); + } + + if (check_if_not_modified(req, res, etag, mtime)) { return true; } + + check_if_range(req, etag, mtime); + + auto mm = std::make_shared(path.c_str()); + if (!mm->is_open()) { + output_error_log(Error::OpenFile, &req); + return false; + } + + res.set_content_provider( + mm->size(), + detail::find_content_type(path, file_extension_and_mimetype_map_, + default_file_mimetype_), + [mm](size_t offset, size_t length, DataSink &sink) -> bool { + sink.write(mm->data() + offset, length); + return true; + }); + + if (req.method != "HEAD" && file_request_handler_) { + file_request_handler_(req, res); + } + + return true; + } else { + output_error_log(Error::OpenFile, &req); + } + } + } + } + return false; +} + +inline bool Server::check_if_not_modified(const Request &req, Response &res, + const std::string &etag, + time_t mtime) const { + // Handle conditional GET: + // 1. If-None-Match takes precedence (RFC 9110 Section 13.1.2) + // 2. If-Modified-Since is checked only when If-None-Match is absent + if (req.has_header("If-None-Match")) { + if (!etag.empty()) { + auto val = req.get_header_value("If-None-Match"); + + // NOTE: We use exact string matching here. This works correctly + // because our server always generates weak ETags (W/"..."), and + // clients typically send back the same ETag they received. + // RFC 9110 Section 8.8.3.2 allows weak comparison for + // If-None-Match, where W/"x" and "x" would match, but this + // simplified implementation requires exact matches. + auto ret = detail::split_find(val.data(), val.data() + val.size(), ',', + [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + auto seg_len = static_cast(e - b); + return (seg_len == 1 && *b == '*') || + (seg_len == etag.size() && + std::equal(b, e, etag.begin())); + }); + + if (ret) { + res.status = StatusCode::NotModified_304; + return true; + } + } + } else if (req.has_header("If-Modified-Since")) { + auto val = req.get_header_value("If-Modified-Since"); + auto t = detail::parse_http_date(val); + + if (t != static_cast(-1) && mtime <= t) { + res.status = StatusCode::NotModified_304; + return true; + } + } + return false; +} + +inline bool Server::check_if_range(Request &req, const std::string &etag, + time_t mtime) const { + // Handle If-Range for partial content requests (RFC 9110 + // Section 13.1.5). If-Range is only evaluated when Range header is + // present. If the validator matches, serve partial content; otherwise + // serve full content. + if (!req.ranges.empty() && req.has_header("If-Range")) { + auto val = req.get_header_value("If-Range"); + + auto is_valid_range = [&]() { + if (detail::is_strong_etag(val)) { + // RFC 9110 Section 13.1.5: If-Range requires strong ETag + // comparison. + return (!etag.empty() && val == etag); + } else if (detail::is_weak_etag(val)) { + // Weak ETags are not valid for If-Range (RFC 9110 Section 13.1.5) + return false; + } else { + // HTTP-date comparison + auto t = detail::parse_http_date(val); + return (t != static_cast(-1) && mtime <= t); + } + }; + + if (!is_valid_range()) { + // Validator doesn't match: ignore Range and serve full content + req.ranges.clear(); + return false; + } + } + + return true; +} + +inline socket_t +Server::create_server_socket(const std::string &host, int port, + int socket_flags, + SocketOptions socket_options) const { + return detail::create_socket( + host, std::string(), port, address_family_, socket_flags, tcp_nodelay_, + ipv6_v6only_, std::move(socket_options), + [&](socket_t sock, struct addrinfo &ai, bool & /*quit*/) -> bool { + if (::bind(sock, ai.ai_addr, static_cast(ai.ai_addrlen))) { + output_error_log(Error::BindIPAddress, nullptr); + return false; + } + if (::listen(sock, CPPHTTPLIB_LISTEN_BACKLOG)) { + output_error_log(Error::Listen, nullptr); + return false; + } + return true; + }); +} + +inline int Server::bind_internal(const std::string &host, int port, + int socket_flags) { + if (is_decommissioned) { return -1; } + + if (!is_valid()) { return -1; } + + svr_sock_ = create_server_socket(host, port, socket_flags, socket_options_); + if (svr_sock_ == INVALID_SOCKET) { return -1; } + + if (port == 0) { + struct sockaddr_storage addr; + socklen_t addr_len = sizeof(addr); + if (getsockname(svr_sock_, reinterpret_cast(&addr), + &addr_len) == -1) { + output_error_log(Error::GetSockName, nullptr); + return -1; + } + if (addr.ss_family == AF_INET) { + return ntohs(reinterpret_cast(&addr)->sin_port); + } else if (addr.ss_family == AF_INET6) { + return ntohs(reinterpret_cast(&addr)->sin6_port); + } else { + output_error_log(Error::UnsupportedAddressFamily, nullptr); + return -1; + } + } else { + return port; + } +} + +inline bool Server::listen_internal() { + if (is_decommissioned) { return false; } + + auto ret = true; + is_running_ = true; + auto se = detail::scope_exit([&]() { is_running_ = false; }); + + if (start_handler_) { start_handler_(); } + + { + std::unique_ptr task_queue(new_task_queue()); + + while (svr_sock_ != INVALID_SOCKET) { +#ifndef _WIN32 + if (idle_interval_sec_ > 0 || idle_interval_usec_ > 0) { +#endif + auto val = detail::select_read(svr_sock_, idle_interval_sec_, + idle_interval_usec_); + if (val == 0) { // Timeout + task_queue->on_idle(); + continue; + } +#ifndef _WIN32 + } +#endif + +#if defined _WIN32 + // sockets connected via WASAccept inherit flags NO_HANDLE_INHERIT, + // OVERLAPPED + socket_t sock = WSAAccept(svr_sock_, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, 0); +#elif defined SOCK_CLOEXEC + socket_t sock = accept4(svr_sock_, nullptr, nullptr, SOCK_CLOEXEC); +#else + socket_t sock = accept(svr_sock_, nullptr, nullptr); +#endif + + if (sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { + if (errno == EMFILE) { + // The per-process limit of open file descriptors has been reached. + // Try to accept new connections after a short sleep. + std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::microseconds{1}); + continue; + } else if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN) { + continue; + } + if (svr_sock_ != INVALID_SOCKET) { + detail::close_socket(svr_sock_); + ret = false; + output_error_log(Error::Connection, nullptr); + } else { + ; // The server socket was closed by user. + } + break; + } + + detail::set_socket_opt_time(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, + read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_); + detail::set_socket_opt_time(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, + write_timeout_sec_, write_timeout_usec_); + + if (tcp_nodelay_) { set_socket_opt(sock, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, 1); } + + if (!task_queue->enqueue( + [this, sock]() { process_and_close_socket(sock); })) { + output_error_log(Error::ResourceExhaustion, nullptr); + detail::shutdown_socket(sock); + detail::close_socket(sock); + } + } + + task_queue->shutdown(); + } + + is_decommissioned = !ret; + return ret; +} + +inline bool Server::routing(Request &req, Response &res, Stream &strm) { + if (pre_routing_handler_ && + pre_routing_handler_(req, res) == HandlerResponse::Handled) { + return true; + } + + // File handler + if ((req.method == "GET" || req.method == "HEAD") && + handle_file_request(req, res)) { + return true; + } + + if (detail::expect_content(req)) { + // Content reader handler + { + // Track whether the ContentReader was aborted due to the decompressed + // payload exceeding `payload_max_length_`. + // The user handler runs after the lambda returns, so we must restore the + // 413 status if the handler overwrites it. + bool content_reader_payload_too_large = false; + + ContentReader reader( + [&](ContentReceiver receiver) { + auto result = read_content_with_content_receiver( + strm, req, res, std::move(receiver), nullptr, nullptr); + if (!result) { + output_error_log(Error::Read, &req); + if (res.status == StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413) { + content_reader_payload_too_large = true; + } + } + return result; + }, + [&](FormDataHeader header, ContentReceiver receiver) { + auto result = read_content_with_content_receiver( + strm, req, res, nullptr, std::move(header), + std::move(receiver)); + if (!result) { + output_error_log(Error::Read, &req); + if (res.status == StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413) { + content_reader_payload_too_large = true; + } + } + return result; + }); + + bool dispatched = false; + if (req.method == "POST") { + dispatched = dispatch_request_for_content_reader( + req, res, std::move(reader), post_handlers_for_content_reader_); + } else if (req.method == "PUT") { + dispatched = dispatch_request_for_content_reader( + req, res, std::move(reader), put_handlers_for_content_reader_); + } else if (req.method == "PATCH") { + dispatched = dispatch_request_for_content_reader( + req, res, std::move(reader), patch_handlers_for_content_reader_); + } else if (req.method == "DELETE") { + dispatched = dispatch_request_for_content_reader( + req, res, std::move(reader), delete_handlers_for_content_reader_); + } + + if (dispatched) { + if (content_reader_payload_too_large) { + // Enforce the limit: override any status the handler may have set + // and return false so the error path sends a plain 413 response. + res.status = StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413; + res.body.clear(); + res.content_length_ = 0; + res.content_provider_ = nullptr; + return false; + } + return true; + } + } + + // NOTE: `req.body` is not read here. For a regular handler the body is + // read inside dispatch_request(), after the route has matched and the + // pre-request handler has approved the request, so that a rejected + // request (e.g. failed authentication) never forces us to buffer a + // potentially large body. + } + + // Regular handler + if (req.method == "GET" || req.method == "HEAD") { + return dispatch_request(req, res, get_handlers_, strm); + } else if (req.method == "POST") { + return dispatch_request(req, res, post_handlers_, strm); + } else if (req.method == "PUT") { + return dispatch_request(req, res, put_handlers_, strm); + } else if (req.method == "DELETE") { + return dispatch_request(req, res, delete_handlers_, strm); + } else if (req.method == "OPTIONS") { + return dispatch_request(req, res, options_handlers_, strm); + } else if (req.method == "PATCH") { + return dispatch_request(req, res, patch_handlers_, strm); + } + + res.status = StatusCode::BadRequest_400; + return false; +} + +inline bool Server::dispatch_request(Request &req, Response &res, + const Handlers &handlers, Stream &strm) { + for (const auto &x : handlers) { + const auto &matcher = x.first; + const auto &handler = x.second; + + if (matcher->match(req)) { + req.matched_route = matcher->pattern(); + + // Run the pre-request handler before reading the body so a rejected + // request (e.g. failed authentication) never forces us to buffer a + // potentially large body. `req.matched_route` is available here. + if (pre_request_handler_ && + pre_request_handler_(req, res) == HandlerResponse::Handled) { + return true; + } + + // The route matched and the request was approved; read the body now. + if (detail::expect_content(req) && !read_content(strm, req, res)) { + output_error_log(Error::Read, &req); + return false; + } + + handler(req, res); + return true; + } + } + return false; +} + +inline void Server::apply_ranges(const Request &req, Response &res, + std::string &content_type, + std::string &boundary) const { + if (req.ranges.size() > 1 && res.status == StatusCode::PartialContent_206) { + auto it = res.headers.find("Content-Type"); + if (it != res.headers.end()) { + content_type = it->second; + res.headers.erase(it); + } + + boundary = detail::make_multipart_data_boundary(); + + res.set_header("Content-Type", + "multipart/byteranges; boundary=" + boundary); + } + + auto type = detail::encoding_type(req, res); + + if (res.body.empty()) { + if (res.content_length_ > 0) { + size_t length = 0; + if (req.ranges.empty() || res.status != StatusCode::PartialContent_206) { + length = res.content_length_; + } else if (req.ranges.size() == 1) { + auto offset_and_length = detail::get_range_offset_and_length( + req.ranges[0], res.content_length_); + + length = offset_and_length.second; + + auto content_range = detail::make_content_range_header_field( + offset_and_length, res.content_length_); + res.set_header("Content-Range", content_range); + } else { + length = detail::get_multipart_ranges_data_length( + req, boundary, content_type, res.content_length_); + } + res.set_header("Content-Length", std::to_string(length)); + } else { + if (res.content_provider_) { + if (res.is_chunked_content_provider_) { + res.set_header("Transfer-Encoding", "chunked"); + if (type != detail::EncodingType::None) { + res.set_header("Content-Encoding", detail::encoding_name(type)); + res.set_header("Vary", "Accept-Encoding"); + } + } + } + } + } else { + if (req.ranges.empty() || res.status != StatusCode::PartialContent_206) { + ; + } else if (req.ranges.size() == 1) { + auto offset_and_length = + detail::get_range_offset_and_length(req.ranges[0], res.body.size()); + auto offset = offset_and_length.first; + auto length = offset_and_length.second; + + auto content_range = detail::make_content_range_header_field( + offset_and_length, res.body.size()); + res.set_header("Content-Range", content_range); + + assert(offset + length <= res.body.size()); + res.body = res.body.substr(offset, length); + } else { + std::string data; + detail::make_multipart_ranges_data(req, res, boundary, content_type, + res.body.size(), data); + res.body.swap(data); + } + + if (type != detail::EncodingType::None) { + output_pre_compression_log(req, res); + + if (auto compressor = detail::make_compressor(type)) { + std::string compressed; + if (compressor->compress(res.body.data(), res.body.size(), true, + [&](const char *data, size_t data_len) { + compressed.append(data, data_len); + return true; + })) { + res.body.swap(compressed); + res.set_header("Content-Encoding", detail::encoding_name(type)); + res.set_header("Vary", "Accept-Encoding"); + } + } + } + + auto length = std::to_string(res.body.size()); + res.set_header("Content-Length", length); + } +} + +inline bool Server::dispatch_request_for_content_reader( + Request &req, Response &res, ContentReader content_reader, + const HandlersForContentReader &handlers) const { + for (const auto &x : handlers) { + const auto &matcher = x.first; + const auto &handler = x.second; + + if (matcher->match(req)) { + req.matched_route = matcher->pattern(); + if (!pre_request_handler_ || + pre_request_handler_(req, res) != HandlerResponse::Handled) { + handler(req, res, content_reader); + } + return true; + } + } + return false; +} + +inline std::string +get_client_ip(const std::string &x_forwarded_for, + const std::vector &trusted_proxies) { + // X-Forwarded-For is a comma-separated list per RFC 7239 + std::vector ip_list; + detail::split(x_forwarded_for.data(), + x_forwarded_for.data() + x_forwarded_for.size(), ',', + [&](const char *b, const char *e) { + auto r = detail::trim(b, e, 0, static_cast(e - b)); + ip_list.emplace_back(std::string(b + r.first, b + r.second)); + }); + + // A malformed X-Forwarded-For (empty, comma-only, whitespace-only) yields + // no segments. Signal "no client IP derived" with an empty string so the + // caller can fall back to the connection-level remote address. + if (ip_list.empty()) { return std::string(); } + + for (size_t i = 0; i < ip_list.size(); ++i) { + auto ip = ip_list[i]; + + auto is_trusted_proxy = + std::any_of(trusted_proxies.begin(), trusted_proxies.end(), + [&](const std::string &proxy) { return ip == proxy; }); + + if (is_trusted_proxy) { + if (i == 0) { + // If the trusted proxy is the first IP, there's no preceding client IP + return ip; + } else { + // Return the IP immediately before the trusted proxy + return ip_list[i - 1]; + } + } + } + + // If no trusted proxy is found, return the first IP in the list + return ip_list.front(); +} + +inline bool +Server::process_request(Stream &strm, const std::string &remote_addr, + int remote_port, const std::string &local_addr, + int local_port, bool close_connection, + bool &connection_closed, + const std::function &setup_request, + bool *websocket_upgraded) { + std::array buf{}; + + detail::stream_line_reader line_reader(strm, buf.data(), buf.size()); + + // Connection has been closed on client + if (!line_reader.getline()) { return false; } + + Request req; + req.start_time_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + req.remote_addr = remote_addr; + req.remote_port = remote_port; + req.local_addr = local_addr; + req.local_port = local_port; + + Response res; + res.version = "HTTP/1.1"; + res.headers = default_headers_; + + // Request line and headers + if (!parse_request_line(line_reader.ptr(), req)) { + res.status = StatusCode::BadRequest_400; + output_error_log(Error::InvalidRequestLine, &req); + return write_response(strm, close_connection, req, res); + } + + // Request headers + if (!detail::read_headers(strm, req.headers)) { + res.status = StatusCode::BadRequest_400; + output_error_log(Error::InvalidHeaders, &req); + return write_response(strm, close_connection, req, res); + } + + // RFC 9112 §6.3: Reject requests with both a non-zero Content-Length and + // any Transfer-Encoding to prevent request smuggling. Content-Length: 0 is + // tolerated for compatibility with existing clients. + if (req.get_header_value_u64("Content-Length") > 0 && + req.has_header("Transfer-Encoding")) { + connection_closed = true; + res.status = StatusCode::BadRequest_400; + return write_response(strm, close_connection, req, res); + } + + // Check if the request URI doesn't exceed the limit + if (req.target.size() > CPPHTTPLIB_REQUEST_URI_MAX_LENGTH) { + connection_closed = true; + res.status = StatusCode::UriTooLong_414; + output_error_log(Error::ExceedUriMaxLength, &req); + return write_response(strm, close_connection, req, res); + } + + if (req.get_header_value("Connection") == "close") { + connection_closed = true; + } + + if (req.version == "HTTP/1.0" && + req.get_header_value("Connection") != "Keep-Alive") { + connection_closed = true; + } + + if (!trusted_proxies_.empty() && req.has_header("X-Forwarded-For")) { + auto x_forwarded_for = req.get_header_value("X-Forwarded-For"); + auto derived = get_client_ip(x_forwarded_for, trusted_proxies_); + req.remote_addr = derived.empty() ? remote_addr : derived; + } else { + req.remote_addr = remote_addr; + } + req.remote_port = remote_port; + + req.local_addr = local_addr; + req.local_port = local_port; + + if (req.has_header("Accept")) { + const auto &accept_header = req.get_header_value("Accept"); + if (!detail::parse_accept_header(accept_header, req.accept_content_types)) { + connection_closed = true; + res.status = StatusCode::BadRequest_400; + output_error_log(Error::HTTPParsing, &req); + return write_response(strm, close_connection, req, res); + } + } + + if (req.has_header("Range")) { + const auto &range_header_value = req.get_header_value("Range"); + if (!detail::parse_range_header(range_header_value, req.ranges)) { + connection_closed = true; + res.status = StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416; + output_error_log(Error::InvalidRangeHeader, &req); + return write_response(strm, close_connection, req, res); + } + } + + if (setup_request) { setup_request(req); } + + if (req.get_header_value("Expect") == "100-continue") { + int status = StatusCode::Continue_100; + if (expect_100_continue_handler_) { + status = expect_100_continue_handler_(req, res); + } + switch (status) { + case StatusCode::Continue_100: + case StatusCode::ExpectationFailed_417: + detail::write_response_line(strm, status); + strm.write("\r\n"); + break; + default: + connection_closed = true; + return write_response(strm, true, req, res); + } + } + + // Setup `is_connection_closed` method + auto sock = strm.socket(); + req.is_connection_closed = [sock]() { + return !detail::is_socket_alive(sock); + }; + + // WebSocket upgrade + // Check pre_routing_handler_ before upgrading so that authentication + // and other middleware can reject the request with an HTTP response + // (e.g., 401) before the protocol switches. + if (detail::is_websocket_upgrade(req)) { + if (pre_routing_handler_ && + pre_routing_handler_(req, res) == HandlerResponse::Handled) { + if (res.status == -1) { res.status = StatusCode::OK_200; } + return write_response(strm, close_connection, req, res); + } + // Find matching WebSocket handler + for (const auto &entry : websocket_handlers_) { + if (entry.matcher->match(req)) { + // Compute accept key + auto client_key = req.get_header_value("Sec-WebSocket-Key"); + auto accept_key = detail::websocket_accept_key(client_key); + + // Negotiate subprotocol + std::string selected_subprotocol; + if (entry.sub_protocol_selector) { + auto protocol_header = req.get_header_value("Sec-WebSocket-Protocol"); + if (!protocol_header.empty()) { + std::vector protocols; + std::istringstream iss(protocol_header); + std::string token; + while (std::getline(iss, token, ',')) { + // Trim whitespace + auto start = token.find_first_not_of(' '); + auto end = token.find_last_not_of(' '); + if (start != std::string::npos) { + protocols.push_back(token.substr(start, end - start + 1)); + } + } + selected_subprotocol = entry.sub_protocol_selector(protocols); + } + } + + // Send 101 Switching Protocols + std::string handshake_response = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" + "Upgrade: websocket\r\n" + "Connection: Upgrade\r\n" + "Sec-WebSocket-Accept: " + + accept_key + "\r\n"; + if (!selected_subprotocol.empty()) { + if (!detail::fields::is_field_value(selected_subprotocol)) { + return false; + } + handshake_response += + "Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: " + selected_subprotocol + "\r\n"; + } + handshake_response += "\r\n"; + if (strm.write(handshake_response.data(), handshake_response.size()) < + 0) { + return false; + } + + connection_closed = true; + if (websocket_upgraded) { *websocket_upgraded = true; } + + { + // Use WebSocket-specific read timeout instead of HTTP timeout + strm.set_read_timeout(CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_READ_TIMEOUT_SECOND, 0); + ws::WebSocket ws(strm, req, true, websocket_ping_interval_sec_, + websocket_max_missed_pongs_); + entry.handler(req, ws); + } + return true; + } + } + // No matching handler - fall through to 404 + } + + // Routing + auto routed = false; +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS + routed = routing(req, res, strm); +#else + try { + routed = routing(req, res, strm); + } catch (std::exception &) { + if (exception_handler_) { + auto ep = std::current_exception(); + exception_handler_(req, res, ep); + routed = true; + } else { + res.status = StatusCode::InternalServerError_500; + } + } catch (...) { + if (exception_handler_) { + auto ep = std::current_exception(); + exception_handler_(req, res, ep); + routed = true; + } else { + res.status = StatusCode::InternalServerError_500; + } + } +#endif + auto ret = false; + if (routed) { + if (res.status == -1) { + res.status = req.ranges.empty() ? StatusCode::OK_200 + : StatusCode::PartialContent_206; + } + + // Serve file content by using a content provider + auto file_open_error = false; + if (!res.file_content_path_.empty()) { + const auto &path = res.file_content_path_; + auto mm = std::make_shared(path.c_str()); + if (!mm->is_open()) { + res.body.clear(); + res.content_length_ = 0; + res.content_provider_ = nullptr; + res.status = StatusCode::NotFound_404; + output_error_log(Error::OpenFile, &req); + file_open_error = true; + } else { + auto content_type = res.file_content_content_type_; + if (content_type.empty()) { + content_type = detail::find_content_type( + path, file_extension_and_mimetype_map_, default_file_mimetype_); + } + + res.set_content_provider( + mm->size(), content_type, + [mm](size_t offset, size_t length, DataSink &sink) -> bool { + sink.write(mm->data() + offset, length); + return true; + }); + } + } + + if (file_open_error) { + ret = write_response(strm, close_connection, req, res); + } else if (detail::range_error(req, res)) { + res.body.clear(); + res.content_length_ = 0; + res.content_provider_ = nullptr; + res.status = StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416; + ret = write_response(strm, close_connection, req, res); + } else { + ret = write_response_with_content(strm, close_connection, req, res); + } + } else { + if (res.status == -1) { res.status = StatusCode::NotFound_404; } + ret = write_response(strm, close_connection, req, res); + } + + // Drain any unconsumed framed body to prevent request smuggling on + // keep-alive. Without framing there is no body to drain — reading would + // consume the next request (issue #2450). + if (!req.body_consumed_ && detail::has_framed_body(req)) { + int dummy_status; + if (!detail::read_content( + strm, req, payload_max_length_, dummy_status, nullptr, + [](const char *, size_t, size_t, size_t) { return true; }, false)) { + connection_closed = true; + } + } + + return ret; +} + +inline bool Server::is_valid() const { return true; } + +inline bool Server::process_and_close_socket(socket_t sock) { + std::string remote_addr; + int remote_port = 0; + detail::get_remote_ip_and_port(sock, remote_addr, remote_port); + + std::string local_addr; + int local_port = 0; + detail::get_local_ip_and_port(sock, local_addr, local_port); + + bool websocket_upgraded = false; + auto ret = detail::process_server_socket( + svr_sock_, sock, keep_alive_max_count_, keep_alive_timeout_sec_, + read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, write_timeout_sec_, + write_timeout_usec_, + [&](Stream &strm, bool close_connection, bool &connection_closed) { + return process_request(strm, remote_addr, remote_port, local_addr, + local_port, close_connection, connection_closed, + nullptr, &websocket_upgraded); + }); + + detail::shutdown_socket(sock); + detail::close_socket(sock); + return ret; +} + +inline void Server::output_log(const Request &req, const Response &res) const { + if (logger_) { + std::lock_guard guard(logger_mutex_); + logger_(req, res); + } +} + +inline void Server::output_pre_compression_log(const Request &req, + const Response &res) const { + if (pre_compression_logger_) { + std::lock_guard guard(logger_mutex_); + pre_compression_logger_(req, res); + } +} + +inline void Server::output_error_log(const Error &err, + const Request *req) const { + if (error_logger_) { + std::lock_guard guard(logger_mutex_); + error_logger_(err, req); + } +} + +/* + * Group 5: ClientImpl and Client (Universal) implementation + */ +// HTTP client implementation +inline ClientImpl::ClientImpl(const std::string &host) + : ClientImpl(host, 80, std::string(), std::string()) {} + +inline ClientImpl::ClientImpl(const std::string &host, int port) + : ClientImpl(host, port, std::string(), std::string()) {} + +inline ClientImpl::ClientImpl(const std::string &host, int port, + const std::string &client_cert_path, + const std::string &client_key_path) + : host_(detail::escape_abstract_namespace_unix_domain(host)), port_(port), + client_cert_path_(client_cert_path), client_key_path_(client_key_path) {} + +inline ClientImpl::~ClientImpl() { + // Wait until all the requests in flight are handled. + size_t retry_count = 10; + while (retry_count-- > 0) { + { + std::lock_guard guard(socket_mutex_); + if (socket_requests_in_flight_ == 0) { break; } + } + std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds{1}); + } + + std::lock_guard guard(socket_mutex_); + shutdown_socket(socket_); + close_socket(socket_); +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::is_valid() const { return true; } + +inline void ClientImpl::copy_settings(const ClientImpl &rhs) { + client_cert_path_ = rhs.client_cert_path_; + client_key_path_ = rhs.client_key_path_; + connection_timeout_sec_ = rhs.connection_timeout_sec_; + read_timeout_sec_ = rhs.read_timeout_sec_; + read_timeout_usec_ = rhs.read_timeout_usec_; + write_timeout_sec_ = rhs.write_timeout_sec_; + write_timeout_usec_ = rhs.write_timeout_usec_; + max_timeout_msec_ = rhs.max_timeout_msec_; + basic_auth_username_ = rhs.basic_auth_username_; + basic_auth_password_ = rhs.basic_auth_password_; + bearer_token_auth_token_ = rhs.bearer_token_auth_token_; + keep_alive_ = rhs.keep_alive_; + follow_location_ = rhs.follow_location_; + path_encode_ = rhs.path_encode_; + address_family_ = rhs.address_family_; + tcp_nodelay_ = rhs.tcp_nodelay_; + ipv6_v6only_ = rhs.ipv6_v6only_; + socket_options_ = rhs.socket_options_; + compress_ = rhs.compress_; + decompress_ = rhs.decompress_; + payload_max_length_ = rhs.payload_max_length_; + has_payload_max_length_ = rhs.has_payload_max_length_; + interface_ = rhs.interface_; + proxy_host_ = rhs.proxy_host_; + proxy_port_ = rhs.proxy_port_; + proxy_basic_auth_username_ = rhs.proxy_basic_auth_username_; + proxy_basic_auth_password_ = rhs.proxy_basic_auth_password_; + proxy_bearer_token_auth_token_ = rhs.proxy_bearer_token_auth_token_; + no_proxy_entries_ = rhs.no_proxy_entries_; + logger_ = rhs.logger_; + error_logger_ = rhs.error_logger_; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + digest_auth_username_ = rhs.digest_auth_username_; + digest_auth_password_ = rhs.digest_auth_password_; + proxy_digest_auth_username_ = rhs.proxy_digest_auth_username_; + proxy_digest_auth_password_ = rhs.proxy_digest_auth_password_; + ca_cert_file_path_ = rhs.ca_cert_file_path_; + ca_cert_dir_path_ = rhs.ca_cert_dir_path_; + server_certificate_verification_ = rhs.server_certificate_verification_; + server_hostname_verification_ = rhs.server_hostname_verification_; + system_ca_mode_ = rhs.system_ca_mode_; +#endif +} + +inline bool +ClientImpl::is_proxy_enabled_for_host(const std::string &host) const { + if (proxy_host_.empty() || proxy_port_ == -1) { return false; } + if (no_proxy_entries_.empty()) { return true; } + // host_ is const so its normalized form is invariant; cache it. The + // cross-host path (setup_redirect_client passing next_host) re-normalizes. + if (host == host_) { + if (!host_normalized_valid_) { + host_normalized_ = detail::normalize_target(host_); + host_normalized_valid_ = true; + } + return !detail::host_matches_no_proxy(host_normalized_, no_proxy_entries_); + } + auto target = detail::normalize_target(host); + return !detail::host_matches_no_proxy(target, no_proxy_entries_); +} + +inline socket_t ClientImpl::create_client_socket(Error &error) const { + if (is_proxy_enabled_for_host(host_)) { + return detail::create_client_socket( + proxy_host_, std::string(), proxy_port_, address_family_, tcp_nodelay_, + ipv6_v6only_, socket_options_, connection_timeout_sec_, + connection_timeout_usec_, read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, + write_timeout_sec_, write_timeout_usec_, interface_, error); + } + + // Check is custom IP specified for host_ + std::string ip; + auto it = addr_map_.find(host_); + if (it != addr_map_.end()) { ip = it->second; } + + return detail::create_client_socket( + host_, ip, port_, address_family_, tcp_nodelay_, ipv6_v6only_, + socket_options_, connection_timeout_sec_, connection_timeout_usec_, + read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, write_timeout_sec_, + write_timeout_usec_, interface_, error); +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::create_and_connect_socket(Socket &socket, + Error &error) { + auto sock = create_client_socket(error); + if (sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { return false; } + socket.sock = sock; + return true; +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::ensure_socket_connection(Socket &socket, Error &error) { + return create_and_connect_socket(socket, error); +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::setup_proxy_connection( + Socket & /*socket*/, + std::chrono::time_point /*start_time*/, + Response & /*res*/, bool & /*success*/, Error & /*error*/) { + return true; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::shutdown_ssl(Socket & /*socket*/, + bool /*shutdown_gracefully*/) { + // If there are any requests in flight from threads other than us, then it's + // a thread-unsafe race because individual ssl* objects are not thread-safe. + assert(socket_requests_in_flight_ == 0 || + socket_requests_are_from_thread_ == std::this_thread::get_id()); +} + +inline void ClientImpl::shutdown_socket(Socket &socket) const { + if (socket.sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { return; } + detail::shutdown_socket(socket.sock); +} + +inline void ClientImpl::close_socket(Socket &socket) { + // If there are requests in flight in another thread, usually closing + // the socket will be fine and they will simply receive an error when + // using the closed socket, but it is still a bug since rarely the OS + // may reassign the socket id to be used for a new socket, and then + // suddenly they will be operating on a live socket that is different + // than the one they intended! + assert(socket_requests_in_flight_ == 0 || + socket_requests_are_from_thread_ == std::this_thread::get_id()); + + // It is also a bug if this happens while SSL is still active +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + assert(socket.ssl == nullptr); +#endif + + if (socket.sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { return; } + detail::close_socket(socket.sock); + socket.sock = INVALID_SOCKET; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::disconnect(bool gracefully) { + shutdown_ssl(socket_, gracefully); + shutdown_socket(socket_); + close_socket(socket_); +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::read_response_line(Stream &strm, const Request &req, + Response &res, + bool skip_100_continue) const { + std::array buf{}; + + detail::stream_line_reader line_reader(strm, buf.data(), buf.size()); + + if (!line_reader.getline()) { return false; } + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ALLOW_LF_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR + thread_local const std::regex re("(HTTP/1\\.[01]) (\\d{3})(?: (.*?))?\r?\n"); +#else + thread_local const std::regex re("(HTTP/1\\.[01]) (\\d{3})(?: (.*?))?\r\n"); +#endif + + std::cmatch m; + if (!std::regex_match(line_reader.ptr(), m, re)) { + return req.method == "CONNECT"; + } + res.version = std::string(m[1]); + res.status = std::stoi(std::string(m[2])); + res.reason = std::string(m[3]); + + // Ignore '100 Continue' (only when not using Expect: 100-continue explicitly) + while (skip_100_continue && res.status == StatusCode::Continue_100) { + if (!line_reader.getline()) { return false; } // CRLF + if (!line_reader.getline()) { return false; } // next response line + + if (!std::regex_match(line_reader.ptr(), m, re)) { return false; } + res.version = std::string(m[1]); + res.status = std::stoi(std::string(m[2])); + res.reason = std::string(m[3]); + } + + return true; +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::send(Request &req, Response &res, Error &error) { + std::lock_guard request_mutex_guard(request_mutex_); + auto ret = send_(req, res, error); + if (error == Error::SSLPeerCouldBeClosed_) { + assert(!ret); + ret = send_(req, res, error); + // If still failing with SSLPeerCouldBeClosed_, convert to Read error + if (error == Error::SSLPeerCouldBeClosed_) { error = Error::Read; } + } + return ret; +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::send_(Request &req, Response &res, Error &error) { + { + std::lock_guard guard(socket_mutex_); + + // Set this to false immediately - if it ever gets set to true by the end + // of the request, we know another thread instructed us to close the + // socket. + socket_should_be_closed_when_request_is_done_ = false; + + auto is_alive = false; + if (socket_.is_open()) { + is_alive = detail::is_socket_alive(socket_.sock); + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + if (is_alive && is_ssl()) { + if (tls::is_peer_closed(socket_.ssl, socket_.sock)) { + is_alive = false; + } + } +#endif + + if (!is_alive) { + // Peer seems gone — non-graceful shutdown to avoid SIGPIPE. + disconnect(/*gracefully=*/false); + } + } + + if (!is_alive) { + if (!ensure_socket_connection(socket_, error)) { + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + + { + auto success = true; + if (!setup_proxy_connection(socket_, req.start_time_, res, success, + error)) { + if (!success) { output_error_log(error, &req); } + return success; + } + } + } + + // Mark the current socket as being in use so that it cannot be closed by + // anyone else while this request is ongoing, even though we will be + // releasing the mutex. + if (socket_requests_in_flight_ > 1) { + assert(socket_requests_are_from_thread_ == std::this_thread::get_id()); + } + socket_requests_in_flight_ += 1; + socket_requests_are_from_thread_ = std::this_thread::get_id(); + } + + for (const auto &header : default_headers_) { + if (req.headers.find(header.first) == req.headers.end()) { + req.headers.insert(header); + } + } + + auto ret = false; + auto close_connection = !keep_alive_; + + auto se = detail::scope_exit([&]() { + // Briefly lock mutex in order to mark that a request is no longer ongoing + std::lock_guard guard(socket_mutex_); + socket_requests_in_flight_ -= 1; + if (socket_requests_in_flight_ <= 0) { + assert(socket_requests_in_flight_ == 0); + socket_requests_are_from_thread_ = std::thread::id(); + } + + if (socket_should_be_closed_when_request_is_done_ || close_connection || + !ret) { + disconnect(/*gracefully=*/true); + } + }); + + ret = process_socket(socket_, req.start_time_, [&](Stream &strm) { + return handle_request(strm, req, res, close_connection, error); + }); + + if (!ret) { + if (error == Error::Success) { + error = Error::Unknown; + output_error_log(error, &req); + } + } + + return ret; +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::send(const Request &req) { + auto req2 = req; + return send_(std::move(req2)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::send_(Request &&req) { + auto res = detail::make_unique(); + auto error = Error::Success; + auto ret = send(req, *res, error); +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + return Result{ret ? std::move(res) : nullptr, error, std::move(req.headers), + last_ssl_error_, last_backend_error_}; +#else + return Result{ret ? std::move(res) : nullptr, error, std::move(req.headers)}; +#endif +} + +inline void ClientImpl::prepare_default_headers(Request &r, bool for_stream, + const std::string &ct) { + (void)for_stream; + for (const auto &header : default_headers_) { + if (!r.has_header(header.first)) { r.headers.insert(header); } + } + + if (!r.has_header("Host")) { + if (address_family_ == AF_UNIX) { + r.headers.emplace("Host", "localhost"); + } else { + r.headers.emplace( + "Host", detail::make_host_and_port_string(host_, port_, is_ssl())); + } + } + + if (!r.has_header("Accept")) { r.headers.emplace("Accept", "*/*"); } + + if (!r.content_receiver) { + if (!r.has_header("Accept-Encoding")) { + std::string accept_encoding; +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT + accept_encoding = "br"; +#endif +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT + if (!accept_encoding.empty()) { accept_encoding += ", "; } + accept_encoding += "gzip, deflate"; +#endif +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT + if (!accept_encoding.empty()) { accept_encoding += ", "; } + accept_encoding += "zstd"; +#endif + r.set_header("Accept-Encoding", accept_encoding); + } + +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_DEFAULT_USER_AGENT + if (!r.has_header("User-Agent")) { + auto agent = std::string("cpp-httplib/") + CPPHTTPLIB_VERSION; + r.set_header("User-Agent", agent); + } +#endif + } + + if (!r.body.empty()) { + if (!ct.empty() && !r.has_header("Content-Type")) { + r.headers.emplace("Content-Type", ct); + } + if (!r.has_header("Content-Length")) { + r.headers.emplace("Content-Length", std::to_string(r.body.size())); + } + } +} + +inline ClientImpl::StreamHandle +ClientImpl::open_stream(const std::string &method, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type) { + StreamHandle handle; + handle.response = detail::make_unique(); + handle.error = Error::Success; + + auto query_path = params.empty() ? path : append_query_params(path, params); + handle.connection_ = detail::make_unique(); + + { + std::lock_guard guard(socket_mutex_); + + auto is_alive = false; + if (socket_.is_open()) { + is_alive = detail::is_socket_alive(socket_.sock); +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + if (is_alive && is_ssl()) { + if (tls::is_peer_closed(socket_.ssl, socket_.sock)) { + is_alive = false; + } + } +#endif + if (!is_alive) { disconnect(/*gracefully=*/false); } + } + + if (!is_alive) { + if (!ensure_socket_connection(socket_, handle.error)) { + handle.response.reset(); + return handle; + } + + { + auto success = true; + auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + if (!setup_proxy_connection(socket_, start_time, *handle.response, + success, handle.error)) { + if (!success) { handle.response.reset(); } + return handle; + } + } + } + + transfer_socket_ownership_to_handle(handle); + } + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + if (is_ssl() && handle.connection_->session) { + handle.socket_stream_ = detail::make_unique( + handle.connection_->sock, handle.connection_->session, + read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, write_timeout_sec_, + write_timeout_usec_); + } else { + handle.socket_stream_ = detail::make_unique( + handle.connection_->sock, read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, + write_timeout_sec_, write_timeout_usec_); + } +#else + handle.socket_stream_ = detail::make_unique( + handle.connection_->sock, read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, + write_timeout_sec_, write_timeout_usec_); +#endif + handle.stream_ = handle.socket_stream_.get(); + + Request req; + req.method = method; + req.path = query_path; + req.headers = headers; + req.body = body; + + prepare_default_headers(req, true, content_type); + + auto &strm = *handle.stream_; + if (detail::write_request_line(strm, req.method, req.path) < 0) { + handle.error = Error::Write; + handle.response.reset(); + return handle; + } + + if (!detail::check_and_write_headers(strm, req.headers, header_writer_, + handle.error)) { + handle.response.reset(); + return handle; + } + + if (!body.empty()) { + if (strm.write(body.data(), body.size()) < 0) { + handle.error = Error::Write; + handle.response.reset(); + return handle; + } + } + + if (!read_response_line(strm, req, *handle.response) || + !detail::read_headers(strm, handle.response->headers)) { + handle.error = Error::Read; + handle.response.reset(); + return handle; + } + + handle.body_reader_.stream = handle.stream_; + handle.body_reader_.payload_max_length = payload_max_length_; + + if (handle.response->has_header("Content-Length")) { + bool is_invalid = false; + auto content_length = detail::get_header_value_u64( + handle.response->headers, "Content-Length", 0, 0, is_invalid); + if (is_invalid) { + handle.error = Error::Read; + handle.response.reset(); + return handle; + } + handle.body_reader_.has_content_length = true; + handle.body_reader_.content_length = content_length; + } + + auto transfer_encoding = + handle.response->get_header_value("Transfer-Encoding"); + handle.body_reader_.chunked = (transfer_encoding == "chunked"); + + auto content_encoding = handle.response->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"); + if (!content_encoding.empty()) { + handle.decompressor_ = detail::create_decompressor(content_encoding); + } + + return handle; +} + +inline ssize_t ClientImpl::StreamHandle::read(char *buf, size_t len) { + if (!is_valid() || !response) { return -1; } + + if (decompressor_) { return read_with_decompression(buf, len); } + auto n = detail::read_body_content(stream_, body_reader_, buf, len); + + if (n <= 0 && body_reader_.chunked && !trailers_parsed_ && stream_) { + trailers_parsed_ = true; + if (body_reader_.chunked_decoder) { + if (!body_reader_.chunked_decoder->parse_trailers_into( + response->trailers, response->headers)) { + return n; + } + } else { + detail::ChunkedDecoder dec(*stream_); + if (!dec.parse_trailers_into(response->trailers, response->headers)) { + return n; + } + } + } + + return n; +} + +inline ssize_t ClientImpl::StreamHandle::read_with_decompression(char *buf, + size_t len) { + if (decompress_offset_ < decompress_buffer_.size()) { + auto available = decompress_buffer_.size() - decompress_offset_; + auto to_copy = (std::min)(len, available); + std::memcpy(buf, decompress_buffer_.data() + decompress_offset_, to_copy); + decompress_offset_ += to_copy; + decompressed_bytes_read_ += to_copy; + return static_cast(to_copy); + } + + decompress_buffer_.clear(); + decompress_offset_ = 0; + + constexpr size_t kDecompressionBufferSize = 8192; + char compressed_buf[kDecompressionBufferSize]; + + while (true) { + auto n = detail::read_body_content(stream_, body_reader_, compressed_buf, + sizeof(compressed_buf)); + + if (n <= 0) { return n; } + + bool decompress_ok = decompressor_->decompress( + compressed_buf, static_cast(n), + [this](const char *data, size_t data_len) { + decompress_buffer_.append(data, data_len); + auto limit = body_reader_.payload_max_length; + if (decompressed_bytes_read_ + decompress_buffer_.size() > limit) { + return false; + } + return true; + }); + + if (!decompress_ok) { + body_reader_.last_error = Error::Read; + return -1; + } + + if (!decompress_buffer_.empty()) { break; } + } + + auto to_copy = (std::min)(len, decompress_buffer_.size()); + std::memcpy(buf, decompress_buffer_.data(), to_copy); + decompress_offset_ = to_copy; + decompressed_bytes_read_ += to_copy; + return static_cast(to_copy); +} + +inline void ClientImpl::StreamHandle::parse_trailers_if_needed() { + if (!response || !stream_ || !body_reader_.chunked || trailers_parsed_) { + return; + } + + trailers_parsed_ = true; + + const auto bufsiz = 128; + char line_buf[bufsiz]; + detail::stream_line_reader line_reader(*stream_, line_buf, bufsiz); + + if (!line_reader.getline()) { return; } + + if (!detail::parse_trailers(line_reader, response->trailers, + response->headers)) { + return; + } +} + +namespace detail { + +inline ChunkedDecoder::ChunkedDecoder(Stream &s) : strm(s) {} + +inline ssize_t ChunkedDecoder::read_payload(char *buf, size_t len, + size_t &out_chunk_offset, + size_t &out_chunk_total) { + if (finished) { return 0; } + + if (chunk_remaining == 0) { + stream_line_reader lr(strm, line_buf, sizeof(line_buf)); + if (!lr.getline()) { return -1; } + + // RFC 9112 §7.1: chunk-size = 1*HEXDIG + const char *p = lr.ptr(); + int v = 0; + if (!is_hex(*p, v)) { return -1; } + + size_t chunk_len = 0; + constexpr size_t chunk_len_max = (std::numeric_limits::max)(); + for (; is_hex(*p, v); ++p) { + if (chunk_len > (chunk_len_max >> 4)) { return -1; } + chunk_len = (chunk_len << 4) | static_cast(v); + } + + while (is_space_or_tab(*p)) { + ++p; + } + if (*p != '\0' && *p != ';' && *p != '\r' && *p != '\n') { return -1; } + + if (chunk_len == 0) { + chunk_remaining = 0; + finished = true; + out_chunk_offset = 0; + out_chunk_total = 0; + return 0; + } + + chunk_remaining = chunk_len; + last_chunk_total = chunk_remaining; + last_chunk_offset = 0; + } + + auto to_read = (std::min)(chunk_remaining, len); + auto n = strm.read(buf, to_read); + if (n <= 0) { return -1; } + + auto offset_before = last_chunk_offset; + last_chunk_offset += static_cast(n); + chunk_remaining -= static_cast(n); + + out_chunk_offset = offset_before; + out_chunk_total = last_chunk_total; + + if (chunk_remaining == 0) { + stream_line_reader lr(strm, line_buf, sizeof(line_buf)); + if (!lr.getline()) { return -1; } + if (std::strcmp(lr.ptr(), "\r\n") != 0) { return -1; } + } + + return n; +} + +inline bool ChunkedDecoder::parse_trailers_into(Headers &dest, + const Headers &src_headers) { + stream_line_reader lr(strm, line_buf, sizeof(line_buf)); + if (!lr.getline()) { return false; } + return parse_trailers(lr, dest, src_headers); +} + +} // namespace detail + +inline void +ClientImpl::transfer_socket_ownership_to_handle(StreamHandle &handle) { + handle.connection_->sock = socket_.sock; +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + handle.connection_->session = socket_.ssl; + socket_.ssl = nullptr; +#endif + socket_.sock = INVALID_SOCKET; +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::handle_request(Stream &strm, Request &req, + Response &res, bool close_connection, + Error &error) { + if (req.path.empty()) { + error = Error::Connection; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + + auto req_save = req; + + bool ret; + + if (!is_ssl() && is_proxy_enabled_for_host(host_)) { + auto req2 = req; + req2.path = "http://" + + detail::make_host_and_port_string(host_, port_, false) + + req.path; + ret = process_request(strm, req2, res, close_connection, error); + req = std::move(req2); + req.path = req_save.path; + } else { + ret = process_request(strm, req, res, close_connection, error); + } + + if (!ret) { return false; } + + if (res.get_header_value("Connection") == "close" || + (res.version == "HTTP/1.0" && res.reason != "Connection established")) { + // NOTE: this requires a not-entirely-obvious chain of calls to be correct + // for this to be safe. + + // This is safe to call because handle_request is only called by send_ + // which locks the request mutex during the process. It would be a bug + // to call it from a different thread since it's a thread-safety issue + // to do these things to the socket if another thread is using the socket. + std::lock_guard guard(socket_mutex_); + disconnect(/*gracefully=*/true); + } + + if (300 < res.status && res.status < 400 && follow_location_) { + req = std::move(req_save); + ret = redirect(req, res, error); + } + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + if ((res.status == StatusCode::Unauthorized_401 || + res.status == StatusCode::ProxyAuthenticationRequired_407) && + req.authorization_count_ < 5) { + auto is_proxy = res.status == StatusCode::ProxyAuthenticationRequired_407; + + // Only retry when the 407 actually came from a proxy hop: plain HTTP + // through an enabled proxy. HTTPS via CONNECT tunnels the 407 from the + // origin (#2457); direct/bypassed origins have no proxy hop at all. + if (is_proxy && !(!is_ssl() && is_proxy_enabled_for_host(host_))) { + return ret; + } + + const auto &username = + is_proxy ? proxy_digest_auth_username_ : digest_auth_username_; + const auto &password = + is_proxy ? proxy_digest_auth_password_ : digest_auth_password_; + + if (!username.empty() && !password.empty()) { + std::map auth; + if (detail::parse_www_authenticate(res, auth, is_proxy)) { + Request new_req = req; + new_req.authorization_count_ += 1; + new_req.headers.erase(is_proxy ? "Proxy-Authorization" + : "Authorization"); + new_req.headers.insert(detail::make_digest_authentication_header( + req, auth, new_req.authorization_count_, detail::random_string(10), + username, password, is_proxy)); + + Response new_res; + + ret = send(new_req, new_res, error); + if (ret) { res = std::move(new_res); } + } + } + } +#endif + + return ret; +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::redirect(Request &req, Response &res, Error &error) { + if (req.redirect_count_ == 0) { + error = Error::ExceedRedirectCount; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + + auto location = res.get_header_value("location"); + if (location.empty()) { return false; } + + detail::UrlComponents uc; + if (!detail::parse_url(location, uc)) { return false; } + + // Only follow http/https redirects + if (!uc.scheme.empty() && uc.scheme != "http" && uc.scheme != "https") { + return false; + } + + auto scheme = is_ssl() ? "https" : "http"; + + auto next_scheme = std::move(uc.scheme); + auto next_host = std::move(uc.host); + auto port_str = std::move(uc.port); + auto next_path = std::move(uc.path); + auto next_query = std::move(uc.query); + + auto next_port = port_; + if (!port_str.empty()) { + if (!detail::parse_port(port_str, next_port)) { return false; } + } else if (!next_scheme.empty()) { + next_port = next_scheme == "https" ? 443 : 80; + } + + if (next_scheme.empty()) { next_scheme = scheme; } + if (next_host.empty()) { next_host = host_; } + if (next_path.empty()) { next_path = "/"; } + + auto path = decode_path_component(next_path) + next_query; + + // Same host redirect - use current client + if (next_scheme == scheme && next_host == host_ && next_port == port_) { + return detail::redirect(*this, req, res, path, location, error); + } + + // Cross-host/scheme redirect - create new client with robust setup + return create_redirect_client(next_scheme, next_host, next_port, req, res, + path, location, error); +} + +// New method for robust redirect client creation +inline bool ClientImpl::create_redirect_client( + const std::string &scheme, const std::string &host, int port, Request &req, + Response &res, const std::string &path, const std::string &location, + Error &error) { + // Determine if we need SSL + auto need_ssl = (scheme == "https"); + + // Clean up request headers that are host/client specific + // Remove headers that should not be carried over to new host + auto headers_to_remove = + std::vector{"Host", "Proxy-Authorization", "Authorization"}; + + for (const auto &header_name : headers_to_remove) { + auto it = req.headers.find(header_name); + while (it != req.headers.end()) { + it = req.headers.erase(it); + it = req.headers.find(header_name); + } + } + + // Create appropriate client type and handle redirect + if (need_ssl) { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + // Create SSL client for HTTPS redirect + SSLClient redirect_client(host, port); + + // Setup basic client configuration first + setup_redirect_client(redirect_client); + + redirect_client.enable_server_certificate_verification( + server_certificate_verification_); + redirect_client.enable_server_hostname_verification( + server_hostname_verification_); + redirect_client.system_ca_mode_ = system_ca_mode_; + + // Transfer CA certificate to redirect client + if (!ca_cert_pem_.empty()) { + redirect_client.load_ca_cert_store(ca_cert_pem_.c_str(), + ca_cert_pem_.size()); + } + if (!ca_cert_file_path_.empty()) { + redirect_client.set_ca_cert_path(ca_cert_file_path_, ca_cert_dir_path_); + } + + // Client certificates are set through constructor for SSLClient + // NOTE: SSLClient constructor already takes client_cert_path and + // client_key_path so we need to create it properly if client certs are + // needed + + // Execute the redirect + return detail::redirect(redirect_client, req, res, path, location, error); +#else + // SSL not supported - set appropriate error + error = Error::SSLConnection; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; +#endif + } else { + // HTTP redirect + ClientImpl redirect_client(host, port); + + // Setup client with robust configuration + setup_redirect_client(redirect_client); + + // Execute the redirect + return detail::redirect(redirect_client, req, res, path, location, error); + } +} + +// New method for robust client setup (based on basic_manual_redirect.cpp +// logic) +template +inline void ClientImpl::setup_redirect_client(ClientType &client) { + // Copy basic settings first + client.set_connection_timeout(connection_timeout_sec_); + client.set_read_timeout(read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_); + client.set_write_timeout(write_timeout_sec_, write_timeout_usec_); + client.set_keep_alive(keep_alive_); + client.set_follow_location( + true); // Enable redirects to handle multi-step redirects + client.set_path_encode(path_encode_); + client.set_compress(compress_); + client.set_decompress(decompress_); + + // NOTE: Authentication credentials (basic auth, bearer token, digest auth) + // are intentionally NOT copied to the redirect client. Per RFC 9110 Section + // 15.4, credentials must not be forwarded when redirecting to a different + // host. This function is only called for cross-host redirects; same-host + // redirects are handled directly in ClientImpl::redirect(). + + // Copy the proxy configuration unconditionally; the per-target bypass is + // re-evaluated at send time, so a later hop to a non-bypassed host can + // still use the proxy. + client.no_proxy_entries_ = no_proxy_entries_; + if (!proxy_host_.empty() && proxy_port_ != -1) { + client.set_proxy(proxy_host_, proxy_port_); + + if (!proxy_basic_auth_username_.empty()) { + client.set_proxy_basic_auth(proxy_basic_auth_username_, + proxy_basic_auth_password_); + } + if (!proxy_bearer_token_auth_token_.empty()) { + client.set_proxy_bearer_token_auth(proxy_bearer_token_auth_token_); + } +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + if (!proxy_digest_auth_username_.empty()) { + client.set_proxy_digest_auth(proxy_digest_auth_username_, + proxy_digest_auth_password_); + } +#endif + } + + // Copy network and socket settings + client.set_address_family(address_family_); + client.set_tcp_nodelay(tcp_nodelay_); + client.set_ipv6_v6only(ipv6_v6only_); + if (socket_options_) { client.set_socket_options(socket_options_); } + if (!interface_.empty()) { client.set_interface(interface_); } + + // Copy logging and headers + if (logger_) { client.set_logger(logger_); } + if (error_logger_) { client.set_error_logger(error_logger_); } + + // NOTE: DO NOT copy default_headers_ as they may contain stale Host headers + // Each new client should generate its own headers based on its target host +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::write_content_with_provider(Stream &strm, + const Request &req, + Error &error) const { + auto is_shutting_down = []() { return false; }; + + if (req.is_chunked_content_provider_) { + auto compressor = compress_ ? detail::create_compressor().first + : std::unique_ptr(); + if (!compressor) { + compressor = detail::make_unique(); + } + + return detail::write_content_chunked(strm, req.content_provider_, + is_shutting_down, *compressor, error); + } else { + return detail::write_content_with_progress( + strm, req.content_provider_, 0, req.content_length_, is_shutting_down, + req.upload_progress, error); + } +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::write_request(Stream &strm, Request &req, + bool close_connection, Error &error, + bool skip_body) { + // Prepare additional headers + if (close_connection) { + if (!req.has_header("Connection")) { + req.set_header("Connection", "close"); + } + } + + std::string ct_for_defaults; + if (!req.has_header("Content-Type") && !req.body.empty()) { + ct_for_defaults = "text/plain"; + } + prepare_default_headers(req, false, ct_for_defaults); + + if (req.body.empty()) { + if (req.content_provider_) { + if (!req.is_chunked_content_provider_) { + if (!req.has_header("Content-Length")) { + auto length = std::to_string(req.content_length_); + req.set_header("Content-Length", length); + } + } + } else { + if (req.method == "POST" || req.method == "PUT" || + req.method == "PATCH") { + req.set_header("Content-Length", "0"); + } + } + } + + if (!basic_auth_password_.empty() || !basic_auth_username_.empty()) { + if (!req.has_header("Authorization")) { + req.headers.insert(make_basic_authentication_header( + basic_auth_username_, basic_auth_password_, false)); + } + } + + if (!bearer_token_auth_token_.empty()) { + if (!req.has_header("Authorization")) { + req.headers.insert(make_bearer_token_authentication_header( + bearer_token_auth_token_, false)); + } + } + + // Proxy-Authorization is only sent when the proxy is actually used for + // this target — otherwise NO_PROXY-matched requests would leak proxy + // credentials directly to the destination server. + if (is_proxy_enabled_for_host(host_)) { + if (!proxy_basic_auth_username_.empty() && + !proxy_basic_auth_password_.empty() && + !req.has_header("Proxy-Authorization")) { + req.headers.insert(make_basic_authentication_header( + proxy_basic_auth_username_, proxy_basic_auth_password_, true)); + } + if (!proxy_bearer_token_auth_token_.empty() && + !req.has_header("Proxy-Authorization")) { + req.headers.insert(make_bearer_token_authentication_header( + proxy_bearer_token_auth_token_, true)); + } + } + + // Request line and headers + { + detail::BufferStream bstrm; + + // Extract path and query from req.path + std::string path_part, query_part; + auto query_pos = req.path.find('?'); + if (query_pos != std::string::npos) { + path_part = req.path.substr(0, query_pos); + query_part = req.path.substr(query_pos + 1); + } else { + path_part = req.path; + query_part = ""; + } + + // Encode path part. If the original `req.path` already contained a + // query component, preserve its raw query string (including parameter + // order) instead of reparsing and reassembling it which may reorder + // parameters due to container ordering (e.g. `Params` uses + // `std::multimap`). When there is no query in `req.path`, fall back to + // building a query from `req.params` so existing callers that pass + // `Params` continue to work. + auto path_with_query = + path_encode_ ? detail::encode_path(path_part) : path_part; + + if (!query_part.empty()) { + // Normalize the query string (decode then re-encode) while preserving + // the original parameter order. + auto normalized = detail::normalize_query_string(query_part); + if (!normalized.empty()) { path_with_query += '?' + normalized; } + + // Still populate req.params for handlers/users who read them. + detail::parse_query_text(query_part, req.params); + } else { + // No query in path; parse any query_part (empty) and append params + // from `req.params` when present (preserves prior behavior for + // callers who provide Params separately). + detail::parse_query_text(query_part, req.params); + if (!req.params.empty()) { + path_with_query = append_query_params(path_with_query, req.params); + } + } + + // Write request line and headers + detail::write_request_line(bstrm, req.method, path_with_query); + if (!detail::check_and_write_headers(bstrm, req.headers, header_writer_, + error)) { + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + + // Flush buffer + auto &data = bstrm.get_buffer(); + if (!detail::write_data(strm, data.data(), data.size())) { + error = Error::Write; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + } + + // After sending request line and headers, wait briefly for an early server + // response (e.g. 4xx) and avoid sending a potentially large request body + // unnecessarily. This workaround is only enabled on Windows because Unix + // platforms surface write errors (EPIPE) earlier; on Windows kernel send + // buffering can accept large writes even when the peer already responded. + // Check the stream first (which covers SSL via `is_readable()`), then + // fall back to select on the socket. Only perform the wait for very large + // request bodies to avoid interfering with normal small requests and + // reduce side-effects. Poll briefly (up to 50ms as default) for an early + // response. Skip this check when using Expect: 100-continue, as the protocol + // handles early responses properly. +#if defined(_WIN32) + if (!skip_body && + req.body.size() > CPPHTTPLIB_WAIT_EARLY_SERVER_RESPONSE_THRESHOLD && + req.path.size() > CPPHTTPLIB_REQUEST_URI_MAX_LENGTH) { + auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now(); + + for (;;) { + // Prefer socket-level readiness to avoid SSL_pending() false-positives + // from SSL internals. If the underlying socket is readable, assume an + // early response may be present. + auto sock = strm.socket(); + if (sock != INVALID_SOCKET && detail::select_read(sock, 0, 0) > 0) { + return false; + } + + // Fallback to stream-level check for non-socket streams or when the + // socket isn't reporting readable. Avoid using `is_readable()` for + // SSL, since `SSL_pending()` may report buffered records that do not + // indicate a complete application-level response yet. + if (!is_ssl() && strm.is_readable()) { return false; } + + auto now = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now(); + auto elapsed = + std::chrono::duration_cast(now - start) + .count(); + if (elapsed >= CPPHTTPLIB_WAIT_EARLY_SERVER_RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MSECOND) { + break; + } + + std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1)); + } + } +#endif + + // Body + if (skip_body) { return true; } + + return write_request_body(strm, req, error); +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::write_request_body(Stream &strm, Request &req, + Error &error) { + if (req.body.empty()) { + return write_content_with_provider(strm, req, error); + } + + if (req.upload_progress) { + auto body_size = req.body.size(); + size_t written = 0; + auto data = req.body.data(); + + while (written < body_size) { + size_t to_write = (std::min)(CPPHTTPLIB_SEND_BUFSIZ, body_size - written); + if (!detail::write_data(strm, data + written, to_write)) { + error = Error::Write; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + written += to_write; + + if (!req.upload_progress(written, body_size)) { + error = Error::Canceled; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + } + } else { + if (!detail::write_data(strm, req.body.data(), req.body.size())) { + error = Error::Write; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + } + + return true; +} + +inline std::unique_ptr +ClientImpl::send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + Request &req, const char *body, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider_without_length, + const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, + Error &error) { + if (!content_type.empty()) { req.set_header("Content-Type", content_type); } + + auto enc = compress_ + ? detail::create_compressor() + : std::pair, const char *>( + nullptr, nullptr); + + if (enc.second) { req.set_header("Content-Encoding", enc.second); } + + if (enc.first && !content_provider_without_length) { + auto &compressor = enc.first; + + if (content_provider) { + auto ok = true; + size_t offset = 0; + DataSink data_sink; + + data_sink.write = [&](const char *data, size_t data_len) -> bool { + if (ok) { + auto last = offset + data_len == content_length; + + auto ret = compressor->compress( + data, data_len, last, + [&](const char *compressed_data, size_t compressed_data_len) { + req.body.append(compressed_data, compressed_data_len); + return true; + }); + + if (ret) { + offset += data_len; + } else { + ok = false; + } + } + return ok; + }; + + while (ok && offset < content_length) { + if (!content_provider(offset, content_length - offset, data_sink)) { + error = Error::Canceled; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return nullptr; + } + } + } else { + if (!compressor->compress(body, content_length, true, + [&](const char *data, size_t data_len) { + req.body.append(data, data_len); + return true; + })) { + error = Error::Compression; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return nullptr; + } + } + } else { + if (content_provider) { + req.content_length_ = content_length; + req.content_provider_ = std::move(content_provider); + req.is_chunked_content_provider_ = false; + } else if (content_provider_without_length) { + req.content_length_ = 0; + req.content_provider_ = detail::ContentProviderAdapter( + std::move(content_provider_without_length)); + req.is_chunked_content_provider_ = true; + req.set_header("Transfer-Encoding", "chunked"); + } else { + req.body.assign(body, content_length); + } + } + + if (content_receiver) { + req.content_receiver = + [content_receiver](const char *data, size_t data_length, + size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*total_length*/) { + return content_receiver(data, data_length); + }; + } + + auto res = detail::make_unique(); + return send(req, *res, error) ? std::move(res) : nullptr; +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + const std::string &method, const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const char *body, size_t content_length, ContentProvider content_provider, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider_without_length, + const std::string &content_type, ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + Request req; + req.method = method; + req.headers = headers; + req.path = path; + req.upload_progress = std::move(progress); + if (max_timeout_msec_ > 0) { + req.start_time_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + } + + auto error = Error::Success; + + auto res = send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + req, body, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + std::move(content_provider_without_length), content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), error); + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + return Result{std::move(res), error, std::move(req.headers), last_ssl_error_, + last_backend_error_}; +#else + return Result{std::move(res), error, std::move(req.headers)}; +#endif +} + +inline void ClientImpl::output_log(const Request &req, + const Response &res) const { + if (logger_) { + std::lock_guard guard(logger_mutex_); + logger_(req, res); + } +} + +inline void ClientImpl::output_error_log(const Error &err, + const Request *req) const { + if (error_logger_) { + std::lock_guard guard(logger_mutex_); + error_logger_(err, req); + } +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::process_request(Stream &strm, Request &req, + Response &res, bool close_connection, + Error &error) { + // Auto-add Expect: 100-continue for large bodies + if (CPPHTTPLIB_EXPECT_100_THRESHOLD > 0 && !req.has_header("Expect")) { + auto body_size = req.body.empty() ? req.content_length_ : req.body.size(); + if (body_size >= CPPHTTPLIB_EXPECT_100_THRESHOLD) { + req.set_header("Expect", "100-continue"); + } + } + + // Check for Expect: 100-continue + auto expect_100_continue = req.get_header_value("Expect") == "100-continue"; + + // Send request (skip body if using Expect: 100-continue) + auto write_request_success = + write_request(strm, req, close_connection, error, expect_100_continue); + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + if (is_ssl() && !expect_100_continue) { + auto is_proxy_enabled = is_proxy_enabled_for_host(host_); + if (!is_proxy_enabled) { + if (tls::is_peer_closed(socket_.ssl, socket_.sock)) { + error = Error::SSLPeerCouldBeClosed_; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + } + } +#endif + + // Handle Expect: 100-continue. + // + // Wait for an interim/early response by attempting to read the status line + // under a short timeout, instead of trusting raw socket readability. Over + // TLS, post-handshake records (e.g. session tickets) make the socket + // readable without any HTTP response being available; relying on + // `select_read` there caused the body to be withheld forever and the + // request to fail with `Read` (#2458). If no status line arrives within the + // timeout, send the body anyway (matching curl's behavior). + auto status_line_read = false; + if (expect_100_continue && write_request_success) { + if (CPPHTTPLIB_EXPECT_100_TIMEOUT_MSECOND > 0) { + time_t sec = CPPHTTPLIB_EXPECT_100_TIMEOUT_MSECOND / 1000; + time_t usec = (CPPHTTPLIB_EXPECT_100_TIMEOUT_MSECOND % 1000) * 1000; + strm.set_read_timeout(sec, usec); + status_line_read = read_response_line(strm, req, res, false); + strm.set_read_timeout(read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_); + } + + if (!status_line_read) { + // No interim response within the timeout: send the body and handle the + // response as usual. + if (!write_request_body(strm, req, error)) { return false; } + expect_100_continue = false; // Switch to normal response handling + } + } + + // Receive response and headers + // When using Expect: 100-continue, don't auto-skip `100 Continue` response + if ((!status_line_read && + !read_response_line(strm, req, res, !expect_100_continue)) || + !detail::read_headers(strm, res.headers)) { + if (write_request_success) { error = Error::Read; } + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + + if (!write_request_success) { return false; } + + // Handle Expect: 100-continue response + if (expect_100_continue) { + if (res.status == StatusCode::Continue_100) { + // Server accepted, send the body + if (!write_request_body(strm, req, error)) { return false; } + + // Read the actual response + res.headers.clear(); + res.body.clear(); + if (!read_response_line(strm, req, res) || + !detail::read_headers(strm, res.headers)) { + error = Error::Read; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + } + // If not 100 Continue, server returned an error; proceed with that response + } + + // Body + if ((res.status != StatusCode::NoContent_204) && req.method != "HEAD" && + req.method != "CONNECT") { + auto redirect = 300 < res.status && res.status < 400 && + res.status != StatusCode::NotModified_304 && + follow_location_; + + if (req.response_handler && !redirect) { + if (!req.response_handler(res)) { + error = Error::Canceled; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + } + + auto out = + req.content_receiver + ? static_cast( + [&](const char *buf, size_t n, size_t off, size_t len) { + if (redirect) { return true; } + auto ret = req.content_receiver(buf, n, off, len); + if (!ret) { + error = Error::Canceled; + output_error_log(error, &req); + } + return ret; + }) + : static_cast( + [&](const char *buf, size_t n, size_t /*off*/, + size_t /*len*/) { + assert(res.body.size() + n <= res.body.max_size()); + if (payload_max_length_ > 0 && + (res.body.size() >= payload_max_length_ || + n > payload_max_length_ - res.body.size())) { + return false; + } + res.body.append(buf, n); + return true; + }); + + auto progress = [&](size_t current, size_t total) { + if (!req.download_progress || redirect) { return true; } + auto ret = req.download_progress(current, total); + if (!ret) { + error = Error::Canceled; + output_error_log(error, &req); + } + return ret; + }; + + if (res.has_header("Content-Length")) { + if (!req.content_receiver) { + auto len = res.get_header_value_u64("Content-Length"); + if (len > res.body.max_size()) { + error = Error::Read; + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + // Cap the reservation by payload_max_length_ to avoid OOM when a + // hostile or malformed server sends an enormous Content-Length. + // The actual body read below is bounded by payload_max_length_, + // so reserving more than that is never useful. + auto reserve_len = static_cast(len); + if (payload_max_length_ > 0 && reserve_len > payload_max_length_) { + reserve_len = payload_max_length_; + } + res.body.reserve(reserve_len); + } + } + + if (res.status != StatusCode::NotModified_304) { + int dummy_status; + auto max_length = (!has_payload_max_length_ && req.content_receiver) + ? (std::numeric_limits::max)() + : payload_max_length_; + if (!detail::read_content(strm, res, max_length, dummy_status, + std::move(progress), std::move(out), + decompress_)) { + if (error != Error::Canceled) { error = Error::Read; } + output_error_log(error, &req); + return false; + } + } + } + + // Log + output_log(req, res); + + return true; +} + +inline ContentProviderWithoutLength ClientImpl::get_multipart_content_provider( + const std::string &boundary, const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items) const { + size_t cur_item = 0; + size_t cur_start = 0; + // cur_item and cur_start are copied to within the std::function and + // maintain state between successive calls + return [&, cur_item, cur_start](size_t offset, + DataSink &sink) mutable -> bool { + if (!offset && !items.empty()) { + sink.os << detail::serialize_multipart_formdata(items, boundary, false); + return true; + } else if (cur_item < provider_items.size()) { + if (!cur_start) { + const auto &begin = detail::serialize_multipart_formdata_item_begin( + provider_items[cur_item], boundary); + offset += begin.size(); + cur_start = offset; + sink.os << begin; + } + + DataSink cur_sink; + auto has_data = true; + cur_sink.write = sink.write; + cur_sink.done = [&]() { has_data = false; }; + + if (!provider_items[cur_item].provider(offset - cur_start, cur_sink)) { + return false; + } + + if (!has_data) { + sink.os << detail::serialize_multipart_formdata_item_end(); + cur_item++; + cur_start = 0; + } + return true; + } else { + sink.os << detail::serialize_multipart_formdata_finish(boundary); + sink.done(); + return true; + } + }; +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::process_socket( + const Socket &socket, + std::chrono::time_point start_time, + std::function callback) { + return detail::process_client_socket( + socket.sock, read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, write_timeout_sec_, + write_timeout_usec_, max_timeout_msec_, start_time, std::move(callback)); +} + +inline bool ClientImpl::is_ssl() const { return false; } + +inline Result ClientImpl::Get(const std::string &path, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return Get(path, Headers(), std::move(progress)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Get(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, + const Headers &headers, + DownloadProgress progress) { + if (params.empty()) { return Get(path, headers); } + + std::string path_with_query = append_query_params(path, params); + return Get(path_with_query, headers, std::move(progress)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Get(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + DownloadProgress progress) { + Request req; + req.method = "GET"; + req.path = path; + req.headers = headers; + req.download_progress = std::move(progress); + if (max_timeout_msec_ > 0) { + req.start_time_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + } + + return send_(std::move(req)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Get(const std::string &path, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return Get(path, Headers(), nullptr, std::move(content_receiver), + std::move(progress)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Get(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return Get(path, headers, nullptr, std::move(content_receiver), + std::move(progress)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Get(const std::string &path, + ResponseHandler response_handler, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return Get(path, Headers(), std::move(response_handler), + std::move(content_receiver), std::move(progress)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Get(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ResponseHandler response_handler, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + Request req; + req.method = "GET"; + req.path = path; + req.headers = headers; + req.response_handler = std::move(response_handler); + req.content_receiver = + [content_receiver](const char *data, size_t data_length, + size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*total_length*/) { + return content_receiver(data, data_length); + }; + req.download_progress = std::move(progress); + if (max_timeout_msec_ > 0) { + req.start_time_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + } + + return send_(std::move(req)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Get(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, + const Headers &headers, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return Get(path, params, headers, nullptr, std::move(content_receiver), + std::move(progress)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Get(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, + const Headers &headers, + ResponseHandler response_handler, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + if (params.empty()) { + return Get(path, headers, std::move(response_handler), + std::move(content_receiver), std::move(progress)); + } + + std::string path_with_query = append_query_params(path, params); + return Get(path_with_query, headers, std::move(response_handler), + std::move(content_receiver), std::move(progress)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Head(const std::string &path) { + return Head(path, Headers()); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Head(const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers) { + Request req; + req.method = "HEAD"; + req.headers = headers; + req.path = path; + if (max_timeout_msec_ > 0) { + req.start_time_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + } + + return send_(std::move(req)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path) { + return Post(path, std::string(), std::string()); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers) { + return Post(path, headers, nullptr, 0, std::string()); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const char *body, + size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Post(path, Headers(), body, content_length, content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Post(path, Headers(), body, content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms) { + return Post(path, Headers(), params); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Post(path, Headers(), content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Post(path, Headers(), content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Post(path, Headers(), std::move(content_provider), content_type, + progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Post(path, Headers(), std::move(content_provider), content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const Params ¶ms) { + auto query = detail::params_to_query_str(params); + return Post(path, headers, query, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Post(path, Headers(), items, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + UploadProgress progress) { + const auto &boundary = detail::make_multipart_data_boundary(); + const auto &content_type = + detail::serialize_multipart_formdata_get_content_type(boundary); + auto content_length = detail::get_multipart_content_length(items, boundary); + return Post(path, headers, content_length, + detail::make_multipart_content_provider(items, boundary), + content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const std::string &boundary, + UploadProgress progress) { + if (!detail::is_multipart_boundary_chars_valid(boundary)) { + return Result{nullptr, Error::UnsupportedMultipartBoundaryChars}; + } + + const auto &content_type = + detail::serialize_multipart_formdata_get_content_type(boundary); + auto content_length = detail::get_multipart_content_length(items, boundary); + return Post(path, headers, content_length, + detail::make_multipart_content_provider(items, boundary), + content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const char *body, size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "POST", path, headers, body, content_length, nullptr, nullptr, + content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "POST", path, headers, body.data(), body.size(), nullptr, nullptr, + content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "POST", path, headers, nullptr, content_length, + std::move(content_provider), nullptr, content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "POST", path, headers, nullptr, content_length, + std::move(content_provider), nullptr, content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), std::move(progress)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "POST", path, headers, nullptr, 0, nullptr, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "POST", path, headers, nullptr, 0, nullptr, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, std::move(content_receiver), std::move(progress)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items, + UploadProgress progress) { + const auto &boundary = detail::make_multipart_data_boundary(); + const auto &content_type = + detail::serialize_multipart_formdata_get_content_type(boundary); + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "POST", path, headers, nullptr, 0, nullptr, + get_multipart_content_provider(boundary, items, provider_items), + content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + Request req; + req.method = "POST"; + req.path = path; + req.headers = headers; + req.body = body; + req.content_receiver = + [content_receiver](const char *data, size_t data_length, + size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*total_length*/) { + return content_receiver(data, data_length); + }; + req.download_progress = std::move(progress); + + if (max_timeout_msec_ > 0) { + req.start_time_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + } + + if (!content_type.empty()) { req.set_header("Content-Type", content_type); } + + return send_(std::move(req)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path) { + return Put(path, std::string(), std::string()); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers) { + return Put(path, headers, nullptr, 0, std::string()); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const char *body, + size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Put(path, Headers(), body, content_length, content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Put(path, Headers(), body, content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms) { + return Put(path, Headers(), params); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Put(path, Headers(), content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Put(path, Headers(), content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Put(path, Headers(), std::move(content_provider), content_type, + progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Put(path, Headers(), std::move(content_provider), content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const Params ¶ms) { + auto query = detail::params_to_query_str(params); + return Put(path, headers, query, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Put(path, Headers(), items, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + UploadProgress progress) { + const auto &boundary = detail::make_multipart_data_boundary(); + const auto &content_type = + detail::serialize_multipart_formdata_get_content_type(boundary); + auto content_length = detail::get_multipart_content_length(items, boundary); + return Put(path, headers, content_length, + detail::make_multipart_content_provider(items, boundary), + content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const std::string &boundary, + UploadProgress progress) { + if (!detail::is_multipart_boundary_chars_valid(boundary)) { + return Result{nullptr, Error::UnsupportedMultipartBoundaryChars}; + } + + const auto &content_type = + detail::serialize_multipart_formdata_get_content_type(boundary); + auto content_length = detail::get_multipart_content_length(items, boundary); + return Put(path, headers, content_length, + detail::make_multipart_content_provider(items, boundary), + content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const char *body, size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PUT", path, headers, body, content_length, nullptr, nullptr, + content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PUT", path, headers, body.data(), body.size(), nullptr, nullptr, + content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PUT", path, headers, nullptr, content_length, + std::move(content_provider), nullptr, content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PUT", path, headers, nullptr, content_length, + std::move(content_provider), nullptr, content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PUT", path, headers, nullptr, 0, nullptr, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PUT", path, headers, nullptr, 0, nullptr, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items, + UploadProgress progress) { + const auto &boundary = detail::make_multipart_data_boundary(); + const auto &content_type = + detail::serialize_multipart_formdata_get_content_type(boundary); + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PUT", path, headers, nullptr, 0, nullptr, + get_multipart_content_provider(boundary, items, provider_items), + content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + Request req; + req.method = "PUT"; + req.path = path; + req.headers = headers; + req.body = body; + req.content_receiver = + [content_receiver](const char *data, size_t data_length, + size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*total_length*/) { + return content_receiver(data, data_length); + }; + req.download_progress = std::move(progress); + + if (max_timeout_msec_ > 0) { + req.start_time_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + } + + if (!content_type.empty()) { req.set_header("Content-Type", content_type); } + + return send_(std::move(req)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path) { + return Patch(path, std::string(), std::string()); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Patch(path, headers, nullptr, 0, std::string(), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const char *body, + size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Patch(path, Headers(), body, content_length, content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Patch(path, Headers(), body, content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms) { + return Patch(path, Headers(), params); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Patch(path, Headers(), content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Patch(path, Headers(), content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Patch(path, Headers(), std::move(content_provider), content_type, + progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Patch(path, Headers(), std::move(content_provider), content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const Params ¶ms) { + auto query = detail::params_to_query_str(params); + return Patch(path, headers, query, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + UploadProgress progress) { + return Patch(path, Headers(), items, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + UploadProgress progress) { + const auto &boundary = detail::make_multipart_data_boundary(); + const auto &content_type = + detail::serialize_multipart_formdata_get_content_type(boundary); + auto content_length = detail::get_multipart_content_length(items, boundary); + return Patch(path, headers, content_length, + detail::make_multipart_content_provider(items, boundary), + content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const std::string &boundary, + UploadProgress progress) { + if (!detail::is_multipart_boundary_chars_valid(boundary)) { + return Result{nullptr, Error::UnsupportedMultipartBoundaryChars}; + } + + const auto &content_type = + detail::serialize_multipart_formdata_get_content_type(boundary); + auto content_length = detail::get_multipart_content_length(items, boundary); + return Patch(path, headers, content_length, + detail::make_multipart_content_provider(items, boundary), + content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const char *body, size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PATCH", path, headers, body, content_length, nullptr, nullptr, + content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PATCH", path, headers, body.data(), body.size(), nullptr, nullptr, + content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PATCH", path, headers, nullptr, content_length, + std::move(content_provider), nullptr, content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PATCH", path, headers, nullptr, content_length, + std::move(content_provider), nullptr, content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PATCH", path, headers, nullptr, 0, nullptr, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PATCH", path, headers, nullptr, 0, nullptr, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items, + UploadProgress progress) { + const auto &boundary = detail::make_multipart_data_boundary(); + const auto &content_type = + detail::serialize_multipart_formdata_get_content_type(boundary); + return send_with_content_provider_and_receiver( + "PATCH", path, headers, nullptr, 0, nullptr, + get_multipart_content_provider(boundary, items, provider_items), + content_type, nullptr, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + Request req; + req.method = "PATCH"; + req.path = path; + req.headers = headers; + req.body = body; + req.content_receiver = + [content_receiver](const char *data, size_t data_length, + size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*total_length*/) { + return content_receiver(data, data_length); + }; + req.download_progress = std::move(progress); + + if (max_timeout_msec_ > 0) { + req.start_time_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + } + + if (!content_type.empty()) { req.set_header("Content-Type", content_type); } + + return send_(std::move(req)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Delete(const std::string &path, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return Delete(path, Headers(), std::string(), std::string(), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Delete(const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return Delete(path, headers, std::string(), std::string(), progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Delete(const std::string &path, const char *body, + size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return Delete(path, Headers(), body, content_length, content_type, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Delete(const std::string &path, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return Delete(path, Headers(), body.data(), body.size(), content_type, + progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Delete(const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return Delete(path, headers, body.data(), body.size(), content_type, + progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Delete(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return Delete(path, Headers(), params, progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Delete(const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, const Params ¶ms, + DownloadProgress progress) { + auto query = detail::params_to_query_str(params); + return Delete(path, headers, query, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", + progress); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Delete(const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers, const char *body, + size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + DownloadProgress progress) { + Request req; + req.method = "DELETE"; + req.headers = headers; + req.path = path; + req.download_progress = std::move(progress); + if (max_timeout_msec_ > 0) { + req.start_time_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + } + + if (!content_type.empty()) { req.set_header("Content-Type", content_type); } + req.body.assign(body, content_length); + + return send_(std::move(req)); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Options(const std::string &path) { + return Options(path, Headers()); +} + +inline Result ClientImpl::Options(const std::string &path, + const Headers &headers) { + Request req; + req.method = "OPTIONS"; + req.headers = headers; + req.path = path; + if (max_timeout_msec_ > 0) { + req.start_time_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + } + + return send_(std::move(req)); +} + +inline void ClientImpl::stop() { + std::lock_guard guard(socket_mutex_); + + // If there is anything ongoing right now, the ONLY thread-safe thing we can + // do is to shutdown_socket, so that threads using this socket suddenly + // discover they can't read/write any more and error out. Everything else + // (closing the socket, shutting ssl down) is unsafe because these actions + // are not thread-safe. + if (socket_requests_in_flight_ > 0) { + shutdown_socket(socket_); + + // Aside from that, we set a flag for the socket to be closed when we're + // done. + socket_should_be_closed_when_request_is_done_ = true; + return; + } + + disconnect(/*gracefully=*/true); +} + +inline std::string ClientImpl::host() const { return host_; } + +inline int ClientImpl::port() const { return port_; } + +inline size_t ClientImpl::is_socket_open() const { + std::lock_guard guard(socket_mutex_); + return socket_.is_open(); +} + +inline socket_t ClientImpl::socket() const { return socket_.sock; } + +inline void ClientImpl::set_connection_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + connection_timeout_sec_ = sec; + connection_timeout_usec_ = usec; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + read_timeout_sec_ = sec; + read_timeout_usec_ = usec; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_write_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + write_timeout_sec_ = sec; + write_timeout_usec_ = usec; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_max_timeout(time_t msec) { + max_timeout_msec_ = msec; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_basic_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password) { + basic_auth_username_ = username; + basic_auth_password_ = password; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_bearer_token_auth(const std::string &token) { + bearer_token_auth_token_ = token; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_keep_alive(bool on) { keep_alive_ = on; } + +inline void ClientImpl::set_follow_location(bool on) { follow_location_ = on; } + +inline void ClientImpl::set_path_encode(bool on) { path_encode_ = on; } + +inline void +ClientImpl::set_hostname_addr_map(std::map addr_map) { + addr_map_ = std::move(addr_map); +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_default_headers(Headers headers) { + default_headers_ = std::move(headers); +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_header_writer( + std::function const &writer) { + header_writer_ = writer; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_address_family(int family) { + address_family_ = family; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_tcp_nodelay(bool on) { tcp_nodelay_ = on; } + +inline void ClientImpl::set_ipv6_v6only(bool on) { ipv6_v6only_ = on; } + +inline void ClientImpl::set_socket_options(SocketOptions socket_options) { + socket_options_ = std::move(socket_options); +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_compress(bool on) { compress_ = on; } + +inline void ClientImpl::set_decompress(bool on) { decompress_ = on; } + +inline void ClientImpl::set_payload_max_length(size_t length) { + payload_max_length_ = length; + has_payload_max_length_ = true; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_interface(const std::string &intf) { + interface_ = intf; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_proxy(const std::string &host, int port) { + proxy_host_ = host; + proxy_port_ = port; + std::lock_guard guard(socket_mutex_); + disconnect(/*gracefully=*/true); +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_proxy_basic_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password) { + proxy_basic_auth_username_ = username; + proxy_basic_auth_password_ = password; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_proxy_bearer_token_auth(const std::string &token) { + proxy_bearer_token_auth_token_ = token; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_no_proxy(const std::vector &patterns) { + std::vector parsed; + parsed.reserve(patterns.size()); + for (const auto &p : patterns) { + auto trimmed = detail::trim_copy(p); + if (trimmed.empty()) { continue; } + detail::NoProxyEntry entry; + if (detail::parse_no_proxy_entry(trimmed, entry)) { + parsed.push_back(std::move(entry)); + } + } + no_proxy_entries_ = std::move(parsed); + std::lock_guard guard(socket_mutex_); + disconnect(/*gracefully=*/true); +} + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED +inline void ClientImpl::set_digest_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password) { + digest_auth_username_ = username; + digest_auth_password_ = password; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_ca_cert_path(const std::string &ca_cert_file_path, + const std::string &ca_cert_dir_path) { + ca_cert_file_path_ = ca_cert_file_path; + ca_cert_dir_path_ = ca_cert_dir_path; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_proxy_digest_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password) { + proxy_digest_auth_username_ = username; + proxy_digest_auth_password_ = password; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::enable_server_certificate_verification(bool enabled) { + server_certificate_verification_ = enabled; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::enable_server_hostname_verification(bool enabled) { + server_hostname_verification_ = enabled; +} + +inline void ClientImpl::enable_system_ca(bool enabled) { + system_ca_mode_ = enabled ? SystemCAMode::Enabled : SystemCAMode::Disabled; +} +#endif + +inline void ClientImpl::set_logger(Logger logger) { + logger_ = std::move(logger); +} + +inline void ClientImpl::set_error_logger(ErrorLogger error_logger) { + error_logger_ = std::move(error_logger); +} + +/* + * SSL/TLS Common Implementation + */ + +inline ClientConnection::~ClientConnection() { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + if (session) { + tls::shutdown(session, true); + tls::free_session(session); + session = nullptr; + } +#endif + + if (sock != INVALID_SOCKET) { + detail::close_socket(sock); + sock = INVALID_SOCKET; + } +} + +// Universal client implementation +inline Client::Client(const std::string &scheme_host_port) + : Client(scheme_host_port, std::string(), std::string()) {} + +inline Client::Client(const std::string &scheme_host_port, + const std::string &client_cert_path, + const std::string &client_key_path) { + detail::UrlComponents uc; + if (detail::parse_url(scheme_host_port, uc) && !uc.host.empty()) { + auto &scheme = uc.scheme; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + if (!scheme.empty() && (scheme != "http" && scheme != "https")) { +#else + if (!scheme.empty() && scheme != "http") { +#endif +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS + std::string msg = "'" + scheme + "' scheme is not supported."; + throw std::invalid_argument(msg); +#endif + return; + } + + auto is_ssl = scheme == "https"; + + auto host = std::move(uc.host); + + auto port = is_ssl ? 443 : 80; + if (!uc.port.empty() && !detail::parse_port(uc.port, port)) { return; } + + if (is_ssl) { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + cli_ = detail::make_unique(host, port, client_cert_path, + client_key_path); + is_ssl_ = is_ssl; +#endif + } else { + cli_ = detail::make_unique(host, port, client_cert_path, + client_key_path); + } + } else { + // NOTE: Update TEST(UniversalClientImplTest, Ipv6LiteralAddress) + // if port param below changes. + cli_ = detail::make_unique(scheme_host_port, 80, + client_cert_path, client_key_path); + } +} + +inline Client::Client(const std::string &host, int port) + : Client(host, port, std::string(), std::string()) {} + +inline Client::Client(const std::string &host, int port, + const std::string &client_cert_path, + const std::string &client_key_path) + : cli_(detail::make_unique(host, port, client_cert_path, + client_key_path)) {} + +inline Client::~Client() = default; + +inline bool Client::is_valid() const { + return cli_ != nullptr && cli_->is_valid(); +} + +inline Result Client::Get(const std::string &path, DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Get(path, std::move(progress)); +} +inline Result Client::Get(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Get(path, headers, std::move(progress)); +} +inline Result Client::Get(const std::string &path, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Get(path, std::move(content_receiver), std::move(progress)); +} +inline Result Client::Get(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Get(path, headers, std::move(content_receiver), + std::move(progress)); +} +inline Result Client::Get(const std::string &path, + ResponseHandler response_handler, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Get(path, std::move(response_handler), + std::move(content_receiver), std::move(progress)); +} +inline Result Client::Get(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ResponseHandler response_handler, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Get(path, headers, std::move(response_handler), + std::move(content_receiver), std::move(progress)); +} +inline Result Client::Get(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, + const Headers &headers, DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Get(path, params, headers, std::move(progress)); +} +inline Result Client::Get(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, + const Headers &headers, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Get(path, params, headers, std::move(content_receiver), + std::move(progress)); +} +inline Result Client::Get(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, + const Headers &headers, + ResponseHandler response_handler, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Get(path, params, headers, std::move(response_handler), + std::move(content_receiver), std::move(progress)); +} + +inline Result Client::Head(const std::string &path) { return cli_->Head(path); } +inline Result Client::Head(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers) { + return cli_->Head(path, headers); +} + +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path) { return cli_->Post(path); } +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers) { + return cli_->Post(path, headers); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const char *body, + size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, body, content_length, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const char *body, size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, headers, body, content_length, content_type, + progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, body, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, headers, body, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, std::move(content_provider), content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, std::move(content_provider), content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, headers, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, headers, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, headers, std::move(content_provider), content_type, + progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, headers, std::move(content_provider), content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms) { + return cli_->Post(path, params); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const Params ¶ms) { + return cli_->Post(path, headers, params); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, items, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, headers, items, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const std::string &boundary, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, headers, items, boundary, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, headers, items, provider_items, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Post(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Post(path, headers, body, content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} + +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path) { return cli_->Put(path); } +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers) { + return cli_->Put(path, headers); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const char *body, + size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, body, content_length, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const char *body, size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, headers, body, content_length, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, body, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, headers, body, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, std::move(content_provider), content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, std::move(content_provider), content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, headers, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, headers, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, headers, std::move(content_provider), content_type, + progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, headers, std::move(content_provider), content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms) { + return cli_->Put(path, params); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const Params ¶ms) { + return cli_->Put(path, headers, params); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, items, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, headers, items, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const std::string &boundary, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, headers, items, boundary, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, headers, items, provider_items, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Put(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Put(path, headers, body, content_type, content_receiver, + progress); +} + +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path) { + return cli_->Patch(path); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers) { + return cli_->Patch(path, headers); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const char *body, + size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, body, content_length, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const char *body, size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, headers, body, content_length, content_type, + progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, body, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, headers, body, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, std::move(content_provider), content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, std::move(content_provider), content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, headers, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + size_t content_length, + ContentProvider content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, headers, content_length, std::move(content_provider), + content_type, std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, headers, std::move(content_provider), content_type, + progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + ContentProviderWithoutLength content_provider, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, headers, std::move(content_provider), content_type, + std::move(content_receiver), progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms) { + return cli_->Patch(path, params); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const Params ¶ms) { + return cli_->Patch(path, headers, params); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, items, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, headers, items, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const std::string &boundary, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, headers, items, boundary, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const UploadFormDataItems &items, + const FormDataProviderItems &provider_items, + UploadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, headers, items, provider_items, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Patch(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + ContentReceiver content_receiver, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Patch(path, headers, body, content_type, content_receiver, + progress); +} + +inline Result Client::Delete(const std::string &path, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Delete(path, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Delete(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Delete(path, headers, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Delete(const std::string &path, const char *body, + size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Delete(path, body, content_length, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Delete(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const char *body, size_t content_length, + const std::string &content_type, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Delete(path, headers, body, content_length, content_type, + progress); +} +inline Result Client::Delete(const std::string &path, const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Delete(path, body, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Delete(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, + const std::string &content_type, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Delete(path, headers, body, content_type, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Delete(const std::string &path, const Params ¶ms, + DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Delete(path, params, progress); +} +inline Result Client::Delete(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers, + const Params ¶ms, DownloadProgress progress) { + return cli_->Delete(path, headers, params, progress); +} + +inline Result Client::Options(const std::string &path) { + return cli_->Options(path); +} +inline Result Client::Options(const std::string &path, const Headers &headers) { + return cli_->Options(path, headers); +} + +inline ClientImpl::StreamHandle +Client::open_stream(const std::string &method, const std::string &path, + const Params ¶ms, const Headers &headers, + const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type) { + return cli_->open_stream(method, path, params, headers, body, content_type); +} + +inline bool Client::send(Request &req, Response &res, Error &error) { + return cli_->send(req, res, error); +} + +inline Result Client::send(const Request &req) { return cli_->send(req); } + +inline void Client::stop() { cli_->stop(); } + +inline std::string Client::host() const { return cli_->host(); } + +inline int Client::port() const { return cli_->port(); } + +inline size_t Client::is_socket_open() const { return cli_->is_socket_open(); } + +inline socket_t Client::socket() const { return cli_->socket(); } + +inline void +Client::set_hostname_addr_map(std::map addr_map) { + cli_->set_hostname_addr_map(std::move(addr_map)); +} + +inline void Client::set_default_headers(Headers headers) { + cli_->set_default_headers(std::move(headers)); +} + +inline void Client::set_header_writer( + std::function const &writer) { + cli_->set_header_writer(writer); +} + +inline void Client::set_address_family(int family) { + cli_->set_address_family(family); +} + +inline void Client::set_tcp_nodelay(bool on) { cli_->set_tcp_nodelay(on); } + +inline void Client::set_socket_options(SocketOptions socket_options) { + cli_->set_socket_options(std::move(socket_options)); +} + +inline void Client::set_connection_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + cli_->set_connection_timeout(sec, usec); +} + +inline void Client::set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + cli_->set_read_timeout(sec, usec); +} + +inline void Client::set_write_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + cli_->set_write_timeout(sec, usec); +} + +inline void Client::set_basic_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password) { + cli_->set_basic_auth(username, password); +} +inline void Client::set_bearer_token_auth(const std::string &token) { + cli_->set_bearer_token_auth(token); +} + +inline void Client::set_keep_alive(bool on) { cli_->set_keep_alive(on); } +inline void Client::set_follow_location(bool on) { + cli_->set_follow_location(on); +} + +inline void Client::set_path_encode(bool on) { cli_->set_path_encode(on); } + +inline void Client::set_compress(bool on) { cli_->set_compress(on); } + +inline void Client::set_decompress(bool on) { cli_->set_decompress(on); } + +inline void Client::set_payload_max_length(size_t length) { + cli_->set_payload_max_length(length); +} + +inline void Client::set_interface(const std::string &intf) { + cli_->set_interface(intf); +} + +inline void Client::set_proxy(const std::string &host, int port) { + cli_->set_proxy(host, port); +} +inline void Client::set_proxy_basic_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password) { + cli_->set_proxy_basic_auth(username, password); +} +inline void Client::set_proxy_bearer_token_auth(const std::string &token) { + cli_->set_proxy_bearer_token_auth(token); +} +inline void Client::set_no_proxy(const std::vector &patterns) { + cli_->set_no_proxy(patterns); +} + +inline void Client::set_logger(Logger logger) { + cli_->set_logger(std::move(logger)); +} + +inline void Client::set_error_logger(ErrorLogger error_logger) { + cli_->set_error_logger(std::move(error_logger)); +} + +/* + * Group 6: SSL Server and Client implementation + */ + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + +// SSL HTTP server implementation +inline SSLServer::SSLServer(const char *cert_path, const char *private_key_path, + const char *client_ca_cert_file_path, + const char *client_ca_cert_dir_path, + const char *private_key_password) { + using namespace tls; + + ctx_ = create_server_context(); + if (!ctx_) { return; } + + // Load server certificate and private key + if (!set_server_cert_file(ctx_, cert_path, private_key_path, + private_key_password)) { + last_ssl_error_ = static_cast(get_error()); + free_context(ctx_); + ctx_ = nullptr; + return; + } + + // Load client CA certificates for client authentication + if (client_ca_cert_file_path || client_ca_cert_dir_path) { + if (!set_client_ca_file(ctx_, client_ca_cert_file_path, + client_ca_cert_dir_path)) { + last_ssl_error_ = static_cast(get_error()); + free_context(ctx_); + ctx_ = nullptr; + return; + } + // Enable client certificate verification + set_verify_client(ctx_, true); + } +} + +inline SSLServer::SSLServer(const PemMemory &pem) { + using namespace tls; + ctx_ = create_server_context(); + if (ctx_) { + if (!set_server_cert_pem(ctx_, pem.cert_pem, pem.key_pem, + pem.private_key_password)) { + last_ssl_error_ = static_cast(get_error()); + free_context(ctx_); + ctx_ = nullptr; + } else if (pem.client_ca_pem && pem.client_ca_pem_len > 0) { + if (!load_ca_pem(ctx_, pem.client_ca_pem, pem.client_ca_pem_len)) { + last_ssl_error_ = static_cast(get_error()); + free_context(ctx_); + ctx_ = nullptr; + } else { + set_verify_client(ctx_, true); + } + } + } +} + +inline SSLServer::SSLServer(const tls::ContextSetupCallback &setup_callback) { + using namespace tls; + ctx_ = create_server_context(); + if (ctx_) { + if (!setup_callback(ctx_)) { + free_context(ctx_); + ctx_ = nullptr; + } + } +} + +inline SSLServer::~SSLServer() { + if (ctx_) { tls::free_context(ctx_); } +} + +inline bool SSLServer::is_valid() const { return ctx_ != nullptr; } + +inline bool SSLServer::process_and_close_socket(socket_t sock) { + using namespace tls; + + // Create TLS session with mutex protection + session_t session = nullptr; + { + std::lock_guard guard(ctx_mutex_); + session = create_session(static_cast(ctx_), sock); + } + + if (!session) { + last_ssl_error_ = static_cast(get_error()); + detail::shutdown_socket(sock); + detail::close_socket(sock); + return false; + } + + // Use scope_exit to ensure cleanup on all paths (including exceptions) + bool handshake_done = false; + bool ret = false; + bool websocket_upgraded = false; + auto cleanup = detail::scope_exit([&] { + if (handshake_done) { shutdown(session, !websocket_upgraded && ret); } + free_session(session); + detail::shutdown_socket(sock); + detail::close_socket(sock); + }); + + // Perform TLS accept handshake with timeout + TlsError tls_err; + if (!accept_nonblocking(session, sock, read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, + &tls_err)) { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT + // Map TlsError to legacy ssl_error for backward compatibility + if (tls_err.code == ErrorCode::WantRead) { + last_ssl_error_ = SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ; + } else if (tls_err.code == ErrorCode::WantWrite) { + last_ssl_error_ = SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE; + } else { + last_ssl_error_ = SSL_ERROR_SSL; + } +#else + last_ssl_error_ = static_cast(get_error()); +#endif + return false; + } + + handshake_done = true; + + std::string remote_addr; + int remote_port = 0; + detail::get_remote_ip_and_port(sock, remote_addr, remote_port); + + std::string local_addr; + int local_port = 0; + detail::get_local_ip_and_port(sock, local_addr, local_port); + + ret = detail::process_server_socket_ssl( + svr_sock_, session, sock, keep_alive_max_count_, keep_alive_timeout_sec_, + read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, write_timeout_sec_, + write_timeout_usec_, + [&](Stream &strm, bool close_connection, bool &connection_closed) { + return process_request( + strm, remote_addr, remote_port, local_addr, local_port, + close_connection, connection_closed, + [&](Request &req) { req.ssl = session; }, &websocket_upgraded); + }); + + return ret; +} + +inline bool SSLServer::update_certs_pem(const char *cert_pem, + const char *key_pem, + const char *client_ca_pem, + const char *password) { + if (!ctx_) { return false; } + std::lock_guard guard(ctx_mutex_); + if (!tls::update_server_cert(ctx_, cert_pem, key_pem, password)) { + return false; + } + if (client_ca_pem) { + return tls::update_server_client_ca(ctx_, client_ca_pem); + } + return true; +} + +// SSL HTTP client implementation +inline SSLClient::~SSLClient() { + if (ctx_) { tls::free_context(ctx_); } + // Make sure to shut down SSL since shutdown_ssl will resolve to the + // base function rather than the derived function once we get to the + // base class destructor, and won't free the SSL (causing a leak). + shutdown_ssl_impl(socket_, true); +} + +inline bool SSLClient::is_valid() const { return ctx_ != nullptr; } + +inline void SSLClient::shutdown_ssl(Socket &socket, bool shutdown_gracefully) { + shutdown_ssl_impl(socket, shutdown_gracefully); +} + +inline void SSLClient::shutdown_ssl_impl(Socket &socket, + bool shutdown_gracefully) { + if (socket.sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { + assert(socket.ssl == nullptr); + return; + } + if (socket.ssl) { + tls::shutdown(socket.ssl, shutdown_gracefully); + { + std::lock_guard guard(ctx_mutex_); + tls::free_session(socket.ssl); + } + socket.ssl = nullptr; + } + assert(socket.ssl == nullptr); +} + +inline bool SSLClient::process_socket( + const Socket &socket, + std::chrono::time_point start_time, + std::function callback) { + assert(socket.ssl); + return detail::process_client_socket_ssl( + socket.ssl, socket.sock, read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, + write_timeout_sec_, write_timeout_usec_, max_timeout_msec_, start_time, + std::move(callback)); +} + +inline bool SSLClient::is_ssl() const { return true; } + +inline bool SSLClient::create_and_connect_socket(Socket &socket, Error &error) { + if (!is_valid()) { + error = Error::SSLConnection; + return false; + } + return ClientImpl::create_and_connect_socket(socket, error); +} + +inline bool SSLClient::setup_proxy_connection( + Socket &socket, + std::chrono::time_point start_time, + Response &res, bool &success, Error &error) { + if (!is_proxy_enabled_for_host(host_)) { return true; } + + if (!connect_with_proxy(socket, start_time, res, success, error)) { + return false; + } + + if (!initialize_ssl(socket, error)) { + success = false; + return false; + } + + return true; +} + +// Assumes that socket_mutex_ is locked and that there are no requests in +// flight +inline bool SSLClient::connect_with_proxy( + Socket &socket, + std::chrono::time_point start_time, + Response &res, bool &success, Error &error) { + success = true; + Response proxy_res; + if (!detail::process_client_socket( + socket.sock, read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, + write_timeout_sec_, write_timeout_usec_, max_timeout_msec_, + start_time, [&](Stream &strm) { + Request req2; + req2.method = "CONNECT"; + req2.path = + detail::make_host_and_port_string_always_port(host_, port_); + if (max_timeout_msec_ > 0) { + req2.start_time_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + } + return process_request(strm, req2, proxy_res, false, error); + })) { + // Thread-safe to close everything because we are assuming there are no + // requests in flight + shutdown_ssl(socket, true); + shutdown_socket(socket); + close_socket(socket); + success = false; + return false; + } + + if (proxy_res.status == StatusCode::ProxyAuthenticationRequired_407) { + if (!proxy_digest_auth_username_.empty() && + !proxy_digest_auth_password_.empty()) { + std::map auth; + if (detail::parse_www_authenticate(proxy_res, auth, true)) { + // Close the current socket and create a new one for the authenticated + // request + shutdown_ssl(socket, true); + shutdown_socket(socket); + close_socket(socket); + + // Create a new socket for the authenticated CONNECT request + if (!ensure_socket_connection(socket, error)) { + success = false; + output_error_log(error, nullptr); + return false; + } + + proxy_res = Response(); + if (!detail::process_client_socket( + socket.sock, read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, + write_timeout_sec_, write_timeout_usec_, max_timeout_msec_, + start_time, [&](Stream &strm) { + Request req3; + req3.method = "CONNECT"; + req3.path = detail::make_host_and_port_string_always_port( + host_, port_); + req3.headers.insert(detail::make_digest_authentication_header( + req3, auth, 1, detail::random_string(10), + proxy_digest_auth_username_, proxy_digest_auth_password_, + true)); + if (max_timeout_msec_ > 0) { + req3.start_time_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); + } + return process_request(strm, req3, proxy_res, false, error); + })) { + // Thread-safe to close everything because we are assuming there are + // no requests in flight + shutdown_ssl(socket, true); + shutdown_socket(socket); + close_socket(socket); + success = false; + return false; + } + } + } + } + + // If status code is not 200, proxy request is failed. + // Set error to ProxyConnection and return proxy response + // as the response of the request + if (proxy_res.status != StatusCode::OK_200) { + error = Error::ProxyConnection; + output_error_log(error, nullptr); + res = std::move(proxy_res); + // Thread-safe to close everything because we are assuming there are + // no requests in flight + shutdown_ssl(socket, true); + shutdown_socket(socket); + close_socket(socket); + return false; + } + + return true; +} + +inline bool SSLClient::ensure_socket_connection(Socket &socket, Error &error) { + if (!ClientImpl::ensure_socket_connection(socket, error)) { return false; } + + if (is_proxy_enabled_for_host(host_)) { return true; } + + if (!initialize_ssl(socket, error)) { + shutdown_socket(socket); + close_socket(socket); + return false; + } + + return true; +} + +// SSL HTTP client implementation +inline SSLClient::SSLClient(const std::string &host) + : SSLClient(host, 443, std::string(), std::string()) {} + +inline SSLClient::SSLClient(const std::string &host, int port) + : SSLClient(host, port, std::string(), std::string()) {} + +inline void SSLClient::init_ctx() { + ctx_ = tls::create_client_context(); + if (ctx_) { tls::set_min_version(ctx_, tls::Version::TLS1_2); } +} + +inline void SSLClient::reset_ctx_on_error() { + last_backend_error_ = tls::get_error(); + tls::free_context(ctx_); + ctx_ = nullptr; +} + +inline SSLClient::SSLClient(const std::string &host, int port, + const std::string &client_cert_path, + const std::string &client_key_path, + const std::string &private_key_password) + : ClientImpl(host, port, client_cert_path, client_key_path) { + init_ctx(); + if (!ctx_) { return; } + + if (!client_cert_path.empty() && !client_key_path.empty()) { + const char *password = + private_key_password.empty() ? nullptr : private_key_password.c_str(); + if (!tls::set_client_cert_file(ctx_, client_cert_path.c_str(), + client_key_path.c_str(), password)) { + reset_ctx_on_error(); + } + } +} + +inline SSLClient::SSLClient(const std::string &host, int port, + const PemMemory &pem) + : ClientImpl(host, port) { + init_ctx(); + if (!ctx_) { return; } + + if (pem.cert_pem && pem.key_pem) { + if (!tls::set_client_cert_pem(ctx_, pem.cert_pem, pem.key_pem, + pem.private_key_password)) { + reset_ctx_on_error(); + } + } +} + +inline void SSLClient::set_ca_cert_store(tls::ca_store_t ca_cert_store) { + if (ca_cert_store && ctx_) { + // set_ca_store takes ownership of ca_cert_store + tls::set_ca_store(ctx_, ca_cert_store); + ca_cert_store_set_ = true; + } else if (ca_cert_store) { + tls::free_ca_store(ca_cert_store); + } +} + +inline void +SSLClient::set_server_certificate_verifier(tls::VerifyCallback verifier) { + if (!ctx_) { return; } + tls::set_verify_callback(ctx_, verifier); +} + +inline void SSLClient::set_session_verifier( + std::function verifier) { + session_verifier_ = std::move(verifier); +} + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_WINDOWS_AUTOMATIC_ROOT_CERTIFICATES_UPDATE +inline void SSLClient::enable_windows_certificate_verification(bool enabled) { + enable_windows_cert_verification_ = enabled; +} +#endif + +inline void SSLClient::load_ca_cert_store(const char *ca_cert, + std::size_t size) { + if (ctx_ && ca_cert && size > 0) { + ca_cert_pem_.assign(ca_cert, size); // Store for redirect transfer + tls::load_ca_pem(ctx_, ca_cert, size); + } +} + +inline bool SSLClient::load_certs() { + auto ret = true; + + std::call_once(initialize_cert_, [&]() { + std::lock_guard guard(ctx_mutex_); + + ret = detail::load_client_ca_config( + ctx_, ca_cert_file_path_, ca_cert_dir_path_, + !ca_cert_pem_.empty() || ca_cert_store_set_, system_ca_mode_, + last_backend_error_); + }); + + return ret; +} + +inline bool SSLClient::initialize_ssl(Socket &socket, Error &error) { + using namespace tls; + + // Load CA certificates if server verification is enabled + if (server_certificate_verification_) { + if (!load_certs()) { + error = Error::SSLLoadingCerts; + output_error_log(error, nullptr); + return false; + } + } + + bool is_ip = detail::is_ip_address(host_); + +#if defined(CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT) || defined(CPPHTTPLIB_WOLFSSL_SUPPORT) + // MbedTLS/wolfSSL need explicit verification mode (OpenSSL uses + // SSL_VERIFY_NONE by default and performs all verification post-handshake). + // Chain verification happens during the handshake even for IP hosts; the + // certificate identity is verified post-handshake via verify_hostname(). + set_verify_client(ctx_, server_certificate_verification_); +#endif + + // Create TLS session + session_t session = nullptr; + { + std::lock_guard guard(ctx_mutex_); + session = create_session(ctx_, socket.sock); + } + + if (!session) { + error = Error::SSLConnection; + last_backend_error_ = get_error(); + return false; + } + + // Use scope_exit to ensure session is freed on error paths + bool success = false; + auto session_guard = detail::scope_exit([&] { + if (!success) { free_session(session); } + }); + + // Set SNI extension (skip for IP addresses per RFC 6066). + // On MbedTLS, set_sni also enables hostname verification internally. + // On OpenSSL, set_sni only sets SNI; verification is done post-handshake. + if (!is_ip) { + if (!set_sni(session, host_.c_str())) { + error = Error::SSLConnection; + last_backend_error_ = get_error(); + return false; + } + } + + // Perform non-blocking TLS handshake with timeout + TlsError tls_err; + if (!connect_nonblocking(session, socket.sock, connection_timeout_sec_, + connection_timeout_usec_, &tls_err)) { + last_ssl_error_ = static_cast(tls_err.code); + last_backend_error_ = tls_err.backend_code; + if (tls_err.code == ErrorCode::CertVerifyFailed) { + error = Error::SSLServerVerification; + } else if (tls_err.code == ErrorCode::HostnameMismatch) { + error = Error::SSLServerHostnameVerification; + } else { + error = Error::SSLConnection; + } + output_error_log(error, nullptr); + return false; + } + + // Post-handshake session verifier callback + auto verification_status = SSLVerifierResponse::NoDecisionMade; + if (session_verifier_) { verification_status = session_verifier_(session); } + + if (verification_status == SSLVerifierResponse::CertificateRejected) { + last_backend_error_ = get_error(); + error = Error::SSLServerVerification; + output_error_log(error, nullptr); + return false; + } + + // Default server certificate verification + if (verification_status == SSLVerifierResponse::NoDecisionMade && + server_certificate_verification_) { + verify_result_ = tls::get_verify_result(session); + if (verify_result_ != 0) { + last_backend_error_ = static_cast(verify_result_); + error = Error::SSLServerVerification; + output_error_log(error, nullptr); + return false; + } + + auto server_cert = get_peer_cert(session); + if (!server_cert) { + last_backend_error_ = get_error(); + error = Error::SSLServerVerification; + output_error_log(error, nullptr); + return false; + } + auto cert_guard = detail::scope_exit([&] { free_cert(server_cert); }); + + // Hostname verification (post-handshake for all cases). + // On OpenSSL, verification is always post-handshake (SSL_VERIFY_NONE). + // On MbedTLS, set_sni already enabled hostname verification during + // handshake for non-IP hosts, but this check is still needed for IP + // addresses where SNI is not set. + if (server_hostname_verification_) { + if (!verify_hostname(server_cert, host_.c_str())) { + last_backend_error_ = hostname_mismatch_code(); + error = Error::SSLServerHostnameVerification; + output_error_log(error, nullptr); + return false; + } + } + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_WINDOWS_AUTOMATIC_ROOT_CERTIFICATES_UPDATE + // Additional Windows Schannel verification. + // This provides real-time certificate validation with Windows Update + // integration, working with both OpenSSL and MbedTLS backends. + // Skip when a custom CA cert is specified, as the Windows certificate + // store would not know about user-provided CA certificates. Also skip + // when system CA trust is explicitly disabled. + if (enable_windows_cert_verification_ && + system_ca_mode_ != SystemCAMode::Disabled && + ca_cert_file_path_.empty() && ca_cert_dir_path_.empty() && + ca_cert_pem_.empty() && !ca_cert_store_set_) { + std::vector der; + if (get_cert_der(server_cert, der)) { + uint64_t wincrypt_error = 0; + if (!detail::verify_cert_with_windows_schannel( + der, host_, server_hostname_verification_, wincrypt_error)) { + last_backend_error_ = wincrypt_error; + error = Error::SSLServerVerification; + output_error_log(error, nullptr); + return false; + } + } + } +#endif + } + + success = true; + socket.ssl = session; + return true; +} + +inline void Client::set_digest_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password) { + cli_->set_digest_auth(username, password); +} + +inline void Client::set_proxy_digest_auth(const std::string &username, + const std::string &password) { + cli_->set_proxy_digest_auth(username, password); +} + +inline void Client::enable_server_certificate_verification(bool enabled) { + cli_->enable_server_certificate_verification(enabled); +} + +inline void Client::enable_server_hostname_verification(bool enabled) { + cli_->enable_server_hostname_verification(enabled); +} + +inline void Client::enable_system_ca(bool enabled) { + cli_->enable_system_ca(enabled); +} + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_WINDOWS_AUTOMATIC_ROOT_CERTIFICATES_UPDATE +inline void Client::enable_windows_certificate_verification(bool enabled) { + if (is_ssl_) { + static_cast(*cli_).enable_windows_certificate_verification( + enabled); + } +} +#endif + +inline void Client::set_ca_cert_path(const std::string &ca_cert_file_path, + const std::string &ca_cert_dir_path) { + cli_->set_ca_cert_path(ca_cert_file_path, ca_cert_dir_path); +} + +inline void Client::set_ca_cert_store(tls::ca_store_t ca_cert_store) { + if (is_ssl_) { + static_cast(*cli_).set_ca_cert_store(ca_cert_store); + } else if (ca_cert_store) { + tls::free_ca_store(ca_cert_store); + } +} + +inline void Client::load_ca_cert_store(const char *ca_cert, std::size_t size) { + if (is_ssl_) { + // Use the PEM-based path so the CA data is retained for redirect transfer + static_cast(*cli_).load_ca_cert_store(ca_cert, size); + } +} + +inline void +Client::set_server_certificate_verifier(tls::VerifyCallback verifier) { + if (is_ssl_) { + static_cast(*cli_).set_server_certificate_verifier( + std::move(verifier)); + } +} + +inline void Client::set_session_verifier( + std::function verifier) { + if (is_ssl_) { + static_cast(*cli_).set_session_verifier(std::move(verifier)); + } +} + +inline tls::ctx_t Client::tls_context() const { + if (is_ssl_) { return static_cast(*cli_).tls_context(); } + return nullptr; +} + +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + +/* + * Group 7: TLS abstraction layer - Common API + */ + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + +namespace tls { + +// Helper for PeerCert construction +inline PeerCert get_peer_cert_from_session(const_session_t session) { + return PeerCert(get_peer_cert(session)); +} + +namespace impl { + +inline VerifyCallback &get_verify_callback() { + static thread_local VerifyCallback callback; + return callback; +} + +inline VerifyCallback &get_mbedtls_verify_callback() { + static thread_local VerifyCallback callback; + return callback; +} + +// Check if a string is an IPv4 address +inline bool is_ipv4_address(const std::string &str) { + int dots = 0; + for (char c : str) { + if (c == '.') { + dots++; + } else if (!isdigit(static_cast(c))) { + return false; + } + } + return dots == 3; +} + +// Parse IPv4 address string to bytes +inline bool parse_ipv4(const std::string &str, unsigned char *out) { + const char *p = str.c_str(); + for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { + if (i > 0) { + if (*p != '.') { return false; } + p++; + } + int val = 0; + int digits = 0; + while (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') { + val = val * 10 + (*p - '0'); + if (val > 255) { return false; } + p++; + digits++; + } + if (digits == 0) { return false; } + // Reject leading zeros (e.g., "01.002.03.04") to prevent ambiguity + if (digits > 1 && *(p - digits) == '0') { return false; } + out[i] = static_cast(val); + } + return *p == '\0'; +} + +// Parse an IP literal (IPv4 or IPv6) into raw network-order bytes. +// `out` must have room for at least 16 bytes. Returns the address length +// (4 for IPv4, 16 for IPv6) on success, or 0 if the string is not an IP +// literal. Used to match a host against iPAddress SANs the same way the +// OpenSSL backend does via X509_check_ip. +inline size_t parse_ip_address(const std::string &str, unsigned char *out) { + if (is_ipv4_address(str)) { return parse_ipv4(str, out) ? 4 : 0; } + struct in6_addr addr6 = {}; + if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, str.c_str(), &addr6) == 1) { + memcpy(out, &addr6, 16); + return 16; + } + return 0; +} + +#ifdef _WIN32 +// Enumerate Windows system certificates and call callback with DER data +template +inline bool enumerate_windows_system_certs(Callback cb) { + bool loaded = false; + static const wchar_t *store_names[] = {L"ROOT", L"CA"}; + for (auto store_name : store_names) { + HCERTSTORE hStore = CertOpenSystemStoreW(0, store_name); + if (hStore) { + PCCERT_CONTEXT pContext = nullptr; + while ((pContext = CertEnumCertificatesInStore(hStore, pContext)) != + nullptr) { + if (cb(pContext->pbCertEncoded, pContext->cbCertEncoded)) { + loaded = true; + } + } + CertCloseStore(hStore, 0); + } + } + return loaded; +} +#endif + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN +// Enumerate macOS Keychain certificates and call callback with DER data +template +inline bool enumerate_macos_keychain_certs(Callback cb) { + bool loaded = false; + const SecTrustSettingsDomain domains[] = { + kSecTrustSettingsDomainSystem, + kSecTrustSettingsDomainAdmin, + kSecTrustSettingsDomainUser, + }; + for (auto domain : domains) { + CFArrayRef certs = nullptr; + OSStatus status = SecTrustSettingsCopyCertificates(domain, &certs); + if (status != errSecSuccess || !certs) { + if (certs) CFRelease(certs); + continue; + } + CFIndex count = CFArrayGetCount(certs); + for (CFIndex i = 0; i < count; i++) { + SecCertificateRef cert = + (SecCertificateRef)CFArrayGetValueAtIndex(certs, i); + CFDataRef data = SecCertificateCopyData(cert); + if (data) { + if (cb(CFDataGetBytePtr(data), + static_cast(CFDataGetLength(data)))) { + loaded = true; + } + CFRelease(data); + } + } + CFRelease(certs); + } + return loaded; +} +#endif + +#if !defined(_WIN32) && !(defined(__APPLE__) && \ + defined(CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN)) +// Common CA certificate file paths on Linux/Unix +inline const char **system_ca_paths() { + static const char *paths[] = { + "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt", // Debian/Ubuntu + "/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt", // RHEL/CentOS + "/etc/ssl/ca-bundle.pem", // OpenSUSE + "/etc/pki/tls/cacert.pem", // OpenELEC + "/etc/ssl/cert.pem", // Alpine, FreeBSD + nullptr}; + return paths; +} + +// Common CA certificate directory paths on Linux/Unix +inline const char **system_ca_dirs() { + static const char *dirs[] = {"/etc/ssl/certs", // Debian/Ubuntu + "/etc/pki/tls/certs", // RHEL/CentOS + "/usr/share/ca-certificates", // Other + nullptr}; + return dirs; +} +#endif + +} // namespace impl + +inline bool set_client_ca_file(ctx_t ctx, const char *ca_file, + const char *ca_dir) { + if (!ctx) { return false; } + + bool success = true; + if (ca_file && *ca_file) { + if (!load_ca_file(ctx, ca_file)) { success = false; } + } + if (ca_dir && *ca_dir) { + if (!load_ca_dir(ctx, ca_dir)) { success = false; } + } + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT + // Set CA list for client certificate request (CertificateRequest message) + if (ca_file && *ca_file) { + auto list = SSL_load_client_CA_file(ca_file); + if (list) { SSL_CTX_set_client_CA_list(static_cast(ctx), list); } + } +#endif + + return success; +} + +inline bool set_server_cert_pem(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert, const char *key, + const char *password) { + return set_client_cert_pem(ctx, cert, key, password); +} + +inline bool set_server_cert_file(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert_path, + const char *key_path, const char *password) { + return set_client_cert_file(ctx, cert_path, key_path, password); +} + +// PeerCert implementation +inline PeerCert::PeerCert() = default; + +inline PeerCert::PeerCert(cert_t cert) : cert_(cert) {} + +inline PeerCert::PeerCert(PeerCert &&other) noexcept : cert_(other.cert_) { + other.cert_ = nullptr; +} + +inline PeerCert &PeerCert::operator=(PeerCert &&other) noexcept { + if (this != &other) { + if (cert_) { free_cert(cert_); } + cert_ = other.cert_; + other.cert_ = nullptr; + } + return *this; +} + +inline PeerCert::~PeerCert() { + if (cert_) { free_cert(cert_); } +} + +inline PeerCert::operator bool() const { return cert_ != nullptr; } + +inline std::string PeerCert::subject_cn() const { + return cert_ ? get_cert_subject_cn(cert_) : std::string(); +} + +inline std::string PeerCert::issuer_name() const { + return cert_ ? get_cert_issuer_name(cert_) : std::string(); +} + +inline bool PeerCert::check_hostname(const char *hostname) const { + return cert_ ? verify_hostname(cert_, hostname) : false; +} + +inline std::vector PeerCert::sans() const { + std::vector result; + if (cert_) { get_cert_sans(cert_, result); } + return result; +} + +inline bool PeerCert::validity(time_t ¬_before, time_t ¬_after) const { + return cert_ ? get_cert_validity(cert_, not_before, not_after) : false; +} + +inline std::string PeerCert::serial() const { + return cert_ ? get_cert_serial(cert_) : std::string(); +} + +// VerifyContext method implementations +inline std::string VerifyContext::subject_cn() const { + return cert ? get_cert_subject_cn(cert) : std::string(); +} + +inline std::string VerifyContext::issuer_name() const { + return cert ? get_cert_issuer_name(cert) : std::string(); +} + +inline bool VerifyContext::check_hostname(const char *hostname) const { + return cert ? verify_hostname(cert, hostname) : false; +} + +inline std::vector VerifyContext::sans() const { + std::vector result; + if (cert) { get_cert_sans(cert, result); } + return result; +} + +inline bool VerifyContext::validity(time_t ¬_before, + time_t ¬_after) const { + return cert ? get_cert_validity(cert, not_before, not_after) : false; +} + +inline std::string VerifyContext::serial() const { + return cert ? get_cert_serial(cert) : std::string(); +} + +// TlsError static method implementation +inline std::string TlsError::verify_error_to_string(long error_code) { + return verify_error_string(error_code); +} + +} // namespace tls + +// Request::peer_cert() implementation +inline tls::PeerCert Request::peer_cert() const { + return tls::get_peer_cert_from_session(ssl); +} + +// Request::sni() implementation +inline std::string Request::sni() const { + if (!ssl) { return std::string(); } + const char *s = tls::get_sni(ssl); + return s ? std::string(s) : std::string(); +} + +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + +/* + * Group 8: TLS abstraction layer - OpenSSL backend + */ + +/* + * OpenSSL Backend Implementation + */ + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT +namespace tls { + +namespace impl { + +// Helper to map OpenSSL SSL_get_error to ErrorCode +inline ErrorCode map_ssl_error(int ssl_error, int &out_errno) { + switch (ssl_error) { + case SSL_ERROR_NONE: return ErrorCode::Success; + case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ: return ErrorCode::WantRead; + case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE: return ErrorCode::WantWrite; + case SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN: return ErrorCode::PeerClosed; + case SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL: out_errno = errno; return ErrorCode::SyscallError; + case SSL_ERROR_SSL: + default: return ErrorCode::Fatal; + } +} + +// Helper: Create client CA list from PEM string +// Returns a new STACK_OF(X509_NAME)* or nullptr on failure +// Caller takes ownership of returned list +inline STACK_OF(X509_NAME) * + create_client_ca_list_from_pem(const char *ca_pem) { + if (!ca_pem) { return nullptr; } + + auto ca_list = sk_X509_NAME_new_null(); + if (!ca_list) { return nullptr; } + + BIO *bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(ca_pem, -1); + if (!bio) { + sk_X509_NAME_pop_free(ca_list, X509_NAME_free); + return nullptr; + } + + X509 *cert = nullptr; + while ((cert = PEM_read_bio_X509(bio, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr)) != + nullptr) { + const X509_NAME *name = X509_get_subject_name(cert); + if (name) { + sk_X509_NAME_push(ca_list, X509_NAME_dup(const_cast(name))); + } + X509_free(cert); + } + BIO_free(bio); + + return ca_list; +} + +// OpenSSL verify callback wrapper +inline int openssl_verify_callback(int preverify_ok, X509_STORE_CTX *ctx) { + auto &callback = get_verify_callback(); + if (!callback) { return preverify_ok; } + + // Get SSL object from X509_STORE_CTX + auto ssl = static_cast( + X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_data(ctx, SSL_get_ex_data_X509_STORE_CTX_idx())); + if (!ssl) { return preverify_ok; } + + // Get current certificate and depth + auto cert = X509_STORE_CTX_get_current_cert(ctx); + int depth = X509_STORE_CTX_get_error_depth(ctx); + int error = X509_STORE_CTX_get_error(ctx); + + // Build context + VerifyContext verify_ctx; + verify_ctx.session = static_cast(ssl); + verify_ctx.cert = static_cast(cert); + verify_ctx.depth = depth; + verify_ctx.preverify_ok = (preverify_ok != 0); + verify_ctx.error_code = error; + verify_ctx.error_string = + (error != X509_V_OK) ? X509_verify_cert_error_string(error) : nullptr; + + return callback(verify_ctx) ? 1 : 0; +} + +// X509_STORE_get0_objects is deprecated since OpenSSL 4.0 because it is not +// thread-safe; X509_STORE_get1_objects (OpenSSL 3.3+) returns a snapshot +// that must be released with release_store_objects +#if !defined(OPENSSL_IS_BORINGSSL) && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) && \ + OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x30300000L +#define CPPHTTPLIB_HAS_X509_STORE_GET1_OBJECTS +#endif + +inline STACK_OF(X509_OBJECT) * get_store_objects(X509_STORE *store) { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_HAS_X509_STORE_GET1_OBJECTS + return X509_STORE_get1_objects(store); +#else + return X509_STORE_get0_objects(store); +#endif +} + +inline void release_store_objects(STACK_OF(X509_OBJECT) * objs) { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_HAS_X509_STORE_GET1_OBJECTS + sk_X509_OBJECT_pop_free(objs, X509_OBJECT_free); +#else + (void)objs; // get0 variant returns an internal pointer; nothing to free +#endif +} + +} // namespace impl + +inline ctx_t create_client_context() { + SSL_CTX *ctx = SSL_CTX_new(TLS_client_method()); + if (ctx) { + // Disable auto-retry to properly handle non-blocking I/O + SSL_CTX_clear_mode(ctx, SSL_MODE_AUTO_RETRY); + // Set minimum TLS version + SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(ctx, TLS1_2_VERSION); + } + return static_cast(ctx); +} + +inline void free_context(ctx_t ctx) { + if (ctx) { SSL_CTX_free(static_cast(ctx)); } +} + +inline bool set_min_version(ctx_t ctx, Version version) { + if (!ctx) return false; + return SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(static_cast(ctx), + static_cast(version)) == 1; +} + +inline bool load_ca_pem(ctx_t ctx, const char *pem, size_t len) { + if (!ctx || !pem || len == 0) return false; + + auto ssl_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + auto store = SSL_CTX_get_cert_store(ssl_ctx); + if (!store) return false; + + auto bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(pem, static_cast(len)); + if (!bio) return false; + + bool ok = true; + X509 *cert = nullptr; + while ((cert = PEM_read_bio_X509(bio, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr)) != + nullptr) { + if (X509_STORE_add_cert(store, cert) != 1) { + // Ignore duplicate errors + auto err = ERR_peek_last_error(); + if (ERR_GET_REASON(err) != X509_R_CERT_ALREADY_IN_HASH_TABLE) { + ok = false; + } + } + X509_free(cert); + if (!ok) break; + } + BIO_free(bio); + + // Clear any "no more certificates" errors + ERR_clear_error(); + return ok; +} + +inline bool load_ca_file(ctx_t ctx, const char *file_path) { + if (!ctx || !file_path) return false; + return SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(static_cast(ctx), file_path, + nullptr) == 1; +} + +inline bool load_ca_dir(ctx_t ctx, const char *dir_path) { + if (!ctx || !dir_path) return false; + return SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(static_cast(ctx), nullptr, + dir_path) == 1; +} + +inline bool load_system_certs(ctx_t ctx) { + if (!ctx) return false; + auto ssl_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + +#ifdef _WIN32 + // Windows: Load from system certificate store (ROOT and CA) + auto store = SSL_CTX_get_cert_store(ssl_ctx); + if (!store) return false; + + bool loaded_any = false; + static const wchar_t *store_names[] = {L"ROOT", L"CA"}; + for (auto store_name : store_names) { + auto hStore = CertOpenSystemStoreW(NULL, store_name); + if (!hStore) continue; + + PCCERT_CONTEXT pContext = nullptr; + while ((pContext = CertEnumCertificatesInStore(hStore, pContext)) != + nullptr) { + const unsigned char *data = pContext->pbCertEncoded; + auto x509 = d2i_X509(nullptr, &data, pContext->cbCertEncoded); + if (x509) { + if (X509_STORE_add_cert(store, x509) == 1) { loaded_any = true; } + X509_free(x509); + } + } + CertCloseStore(hStore, 0); + } + return loaded_any; + +#elif defined(__APPLE__) +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN + // macOS: Load from Keychain + auto store = SSL_CTX_get_cert_store(ssl_ctx); + if (!store) return false; + + bool loaded_any = false; + const SecTrustSettingsDomain domains[] = { + kSecTrustSettingsDomainSystem, + kSecTrustSettingsDomainAdmin, + kSecTrustSettingsDomainUser, + }; + for (auto domain : domains) { + CFArrayRef certs = nullptr; + if (SecTrustSettingsCopyCertificates(domain, &certs) != errSecSuccess || + !certs) { + if (certs) CFRelease(certs); + continue; + } + auto count = CFArrayGetCount(certs); + for (CFIndex i = 0; i < count; i++) { + auto cert = reinterpret_cast( + const_cast(CFArrayGetValueAtIndex(certs, i))); + CFDataRef der = SecCertificateCopyData(cert); + if (der) { + const unsigned char *data = CFDataGetBytePtr(der); + auto x509 = d2i_X509(nullptr, &data, CFDataGetLength(der)); + if (x509) { + if (X509_STORE_add_cert(store, x509) == 1) { loaded_any = true; } + X509_free(x509); + } + CFRelease(der); + } + } + CFRelease(certs); + } + return loaded_any || SSL_CTX_set_default_verify_paths(ssl_ctx) == 1; +#else + return SSL_CTX_set_default_verify_paths(ssl_ctx) == 1; +#endif + +#else + // Other Unix: use default verify paths + return SSL_CTX_set_default_verify_paths(ssl_ctx) == 1; +#endif +} + +inline bool set_client_cert_pem(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert, const char *key, + const char *password) { + if (!ctx || !cert || !key) return false; + + auto ssl_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // Load certificate + auto cert_bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(cert, -1); + if (!cert_bio) return false; + + auto x509 = PEM_read_bio_X509(cert_bio, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr); + BIO_free(cert_bio); + if (!x509) return false; + + auto cert_ok = SSL_CTX_use_certificate(ssl_ctx, x509) == 1; + X509_free(x509); + if (!cert_ok) return false; + + // Load private key + auto key_bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(key, -1); + if (!key_bio) return false; + + auto pkey = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(key_bio, nullptr, nullptr, + password ? const_cast(password) + : nullptr); + BIO_free(key_bio); + if (!pkey) return false; + + auto key_ok = SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey(ssl_ctx, pkey) == 1; + EVP_PKEY_free(pkey); + + return key_ok && SSL_CTX_check_private_key(ssl_ctx) == 1; +} + +inline bool set_client_cert_file(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert_path, + const char *key_path, const char *password) { + if (!ctx || !cert_path || !key_path) return false; + + auto ssl_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + + if (password && password[0] != '\0') { + SSL_CTX_set_default_passwd_cb_userdata( + ssl_ctx, reinterpret_cast(const_cast(password))); + } + + return SSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain_file(ssl_ctx, cert_path) == 1 && + SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(ssl_ctx, key_path, SSL_FILETYPE_PEM) == 1; +} + +inline ctx_t create_server_context() { + SSL_CTX *ctx = SSL_CTX_new(TLS_server_method()); + if (ctx) { + SSL_CTX_set_options(ctx, SSL_OP_NO_COMPRESSION | + SSL_OP_NO_SESSION_RESUMPTION_ON_RENEGOTIATION); + SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(ctx, TLS1_2_VERSION); + } + return static_cast(ctx); +} + +inline void set_verify_client(ctx_t ctx, bool require) { + if (!ctx) return; + SSL_CTX_set_verify(static_cast(ctx), + require + ? (SSL_VERIFY_PEER | SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT) + : SSL_VERIFY_NONE, + nullptr); +} + +inline session_t create_session(ctx_t ctx, socket_t sock) { + if (!ctx || sock == INVALID_SOCKET) return nullptr; + + auto ssl_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + SSL *ssl = SSL_new(ssl_ctx); + if (!ssl) return nullptr; + + // Disable auto-retry for proper non-blocking I/O handling + SSL_clear_mode(ssl, SSL_MODE_AUTO_RETRY); + + auto bio = BIO_new_socket(static_cast(sock), BIO_NOCLOSE); + if (!bio) { + SSL_free(ssl); + return nullptr; + } + + SSL_set_bio(ssl, bio, bio); + return static_cast(ssl); +} + +inline void free_session(session_t session) { + if (session) { SSL_free(static_cast(session)); } +} + +inline bool set_sni(session_t session, const char *hostname) { + if (!session || !hostname) return false; + + auto ssl = static_cast(session); + + // Set SNI (Server Name Indication) only - does not enable verification +#if defined(OPENSSL_IS_BORINGSSL) + return SSL_set_tlsext_host_name(ssl, hostname) == 1; +#else + // Direct call instead of macro to suppress -Wold-style-cast warning + return SSL_ctrl(ssl, SSL_CTRL_SET_TLSEXT_HOSTNAME, TLSEXT_NAMETYPE_host_name, + static_cast(const_cast(hostname))) == 1; +#endif +} + +inline bool set_hostname(session_t session, const char *hostname) { + if (!session || !hostname) return false; + + auto ssl = static_cast(session); + + // Enable hostname verification + auto param = SSL_get0_param(ssl); + if (!param) return false; + + if (detail::is_ip_address(hostname)) { + // RFC 6066: SNI must not be set for IP addresses; verify against the + // certificate's IP SANs instead of its DNS names + if (X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set1_ip_asc(param, hostname) != 1) { return false; } + } else { + // Set SNI (Server Name Indication) + if (!set_sni(session, hostname)) { return false; } + + X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set_hostflags(param, + X509_CHECK_FLAG_NO_PARTIAL_WILDCARDS); + if (X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set1_host(param, hostname, 0) != 1) { return false; } + } + + SSL_set_verify(ssl, SSL_VERIFY_PEER, nullptr); + return true; +} + +inline TlsError connect(session_t session) { + if (!session) { return TlsError(); } + + auto ssl = static_cast(session); + auto ret = SSL_connect(ssl); + + TlsError err; + if (ret == 1) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Success; + } else { + auto ssl_err = SSL_get_error(ssl, ret); + err.code = impl::map_ssl_error(ssl_err, err.sys_errno); + err.backend_code = ERR_get_error(); + } + return err; +} + +inline TlsError accept(session_t session) { + if (!session) { return TlsError(); } + + auto ssl = static_cast(session); + auto ret = SSL_accept(ssl); + + TlsError err; + if (ret == 1) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Success; + } else { + auto ssl_err = SSL_get_error(ssl, ret); + err.code = impl::map_ssl_error(ssl_err, err.sys_errno); + err.backend_code = ERR_get_error(); + } + return err; +} + +inline bool connect_nonblocking(session_t session, socket_t sock, + time_t timeout_sec, time_t timeout_usec, + TlsError *err) { + if (!session) { + if (err) { err->code = ErrorCode::Fatal; } + return false; + } + + auto ssl = static_cast(session); + auto bio = SSL_get_rbio(ssl); + + // Set non-blocking mode for handshake + detail::set_nonblocking(sock, true); + if (bio) { BIO_set_nbio(bio, 1); } + + auto cleanup = detail::scope_exit([&]() { + // Restore blocking mode after handshake + if (bio) { BIO_set_nbio(bio, 0); } + detail::set_nonblocking(sock, false); + }); + + auto res = 0; + while ((res = SSL_connect(ssl)) != 1) { + auto ssl_err = SSL_get_error(ssl, res); + switch (ssl_err) { + case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ: + if (detail::select_read(sock, timeout_sec, timeout_usec) > 0) { + continue; + } + break; + case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE: + if (detail::select_write(sock, timeout_sec, timeout_usec) > 0) { + continue; + } + break; + default: break; + } + if (err) { + err->code = impl::map_ssl_error(ssl_err, err->sys_errno); + err->backend_code = ERR_get_error(); + } + return false; + } + if (err) { err->code = ErrorCode::Success; } + return true; +} + +inline bool accept_nonblocking(session_t session, socket_t sock, + time_t timeout_sec, time_t timeout_usec, + TlsError *err) { + if (!session) { + if (err) { err->code = ErrorCode::Fatal; } + return false; + } + + auto ssl = static_cast(session); + auto bio = SSL_get_rbio(ssl); + + // Set non-blocking mode for handshake + detail::set_nonblocking(sock, true); + if (bio) { BIO_set_nbio(bio, 1); } + + auto cleanup = detail::scope_exit([&]() { + // Restore blocking mode after handshake + if (bio) { BIO_set_nbio(bio, 0); } + detail::set_nonblocking(sock, false); + }); + + auto res = 0; + while ((res = SSL_accept(ssl)) != 1) { + auto ssl_err = SSL_get_error(ssl, res); + switch (ssl_err) { + case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ: + if (detail::select_read(sock, timeout_sec, timeout_usec) > 0) { + continue; + } + break; + case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE: + if (detail::select_write(sock, timeout_sec, timeout_usec) > 0) { + continue; + } + break; + default: break; + } + if (err) { + err->code = impl::map_ssl_error(ssl_err, err->sys_errno); + err->backend_code = ERR_get_error(); + } + return false; + } + if (err) { err->code = ErrorCode::Success; } + return true; +} + +inline ssize_t read(session_t session, void *buf, size_t len, TlsError &err) { + if (!session || !buf) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Fatal; + return -1; + } + + auto ssl = static_cast(session); + constexpr auto max_len = + static_cast((std::numeric_limits::max)()); + if (len > max_len) { len = max_len; } + auto ret = SSL_read(ssl, buf, static_cast(len)); + + if (ret > 0) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Success; + return ret; + } + + auto ssl_err = SSL_get_error(ssl, ret); + err.code = impl::map_ssl_error(ssl_err, err.sys_errno); + if (err.code == ErrorCode::PeerClosed) { + return 0; + } // Gracefully handle the peer closed state. + if (err.code == ErrorCode::Fatal) { err.backend_code = ERR_get_error(); } + return -1; +} + +inline ssize_t write(session_t session, const void *buf, size_t len, + TlsError &err) { + if (!session || !buf) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Fatal; + return -1; + } + + auto ssl = static_cast(session); + auto ret = SSL_write(ssl, buf, static_cast(len)); + + if (ret > 0) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Success; + return ret; + } + + auto ssl_err = SSL_get_error(ssl, ret); + err.code = impl::map_ssl_error(ssl_err, err.sys_errno); + if (err.code == ErrorCode::Fatal) { err.backend_code = ERR_get_error(); } + return -1; +} + +inline int pending(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) return 0; + return SSL_pending(static_cast(const_cast(session))); +} + +inline void shutdown(session_t session, bool graceful) { + if (!session) return; + + auto ssl = static_cast(session); + if (graceful) { + // First call sends close_notify + if (SSL_shutdown(ssl) == 0) { + // Second call waits for peer's close_notify + SSL_shutdown(ssl); + } + } +} + +inline bool is_peer_closed(session_t session, socket_t sock) { + if (!session) return true; + + // Temporarily set socket to non-blocking to avoid blocking on SSL_peek + detail::set_nonblocking(sock, true); + auto se = detail::scope_exit([&]() { detail::set_nonblocking(sock, false); }); + + auto ssl = static_cast(session); + char buf; + auto ret = SSL_peek(ssl, &buf, 1); + if (ret > 0) return false; + + auto err = SSL_get_error(ssl, ret); + return err == SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN; +} + +inline cert_t get_peer_cert(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) return nullptr; + return static_cast(SSL_get1_peer_certificate( + static_cast(const_cast(session)))); +} + +inline void free_cert(cert_t cert) { + if (cert) { X509_free(static_cast(cert)); } +} + +inline bool verify_hostname(cert_t cert, const char *hostname) { + if (!cert || !hostname) return false; + + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + // Use X509_check_ip_asc for IP addresses, X509_check_host for DNS names + if (detail::is_ip_address(hostname)) { + return X509_check_ip_asc(x509, hostname, 0) == 1; + } + return X509_check_host(x509, hostname, strlen(hostname), 0, nullptr) == 1; +} + +inline uint64_t hostname_mismatch_code() { + return static_cast(X509_V_ERR_HOSTNAME_MISMATCH); +} + +inline long get_verify_result(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) return X509_V_ERR_UNSPECIFIED; + return SSL_get_verify_result(static_cast(const_cast(session))); +} + +inline std::string get_cert_subject_cn(cert_t cert) { + if (!cert) return ""; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + auto subject_name = X509_get_subject_name(x509); + if (!subject_name) return ""; + + // X509_NAME_get_text_by_NID is deprecated since OpenSSL 4.0 + auto idx = X509_NAME_get_index_by_NID(subject_name, NID_commonName, -1); + if (idx < 0) return ""; + + auto entry = X509_NAME_get_entry(subject_name, idx); + if (!entry) return ""; + + auto data = X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_data(entry); + if (!data) return ""; + + return std::string( + reinterpret_cast(ASN1_STRING_get0_data(data)), + static_cast(ASN1_STRING_length(data))); +} + +inline std::string get_cert_issuer_name(cert_t cert) { + if (!cert) return ""; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + auto issuer_name = X509_get_issuer_name(x509); + if (!issuer_name) return ""; + + char buf[256]; + X509_NAME_oneline(issuer_name, buf, sizeof(buf)); + return std::string(buf); +} + +inline bool get_cert_sans(cert_t cert, std::vector &sans) { + sans.clear(); + if (!cert) return false; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + auto names = static_cast( + X509_get_ext_d2i(x509, NID_subject_alt_name, nullptr, nullptr)); + if (!names) return true; // No SANs is valid + + auto count = sk_GENERAL_NAME_num(names); + for (decltype(count) i = 0; i < count; i++) { + auto gen = sk_GENERAL_NAME_value(names, i); + if (!gen) continue; + + SanEntry entry; + switch (gen->type) { + case GEN_DNS: + entry.type = SanType::DNS; + if (gen->d.dNSName) { + entry.value = std::string( + reinterpret_cast( + ASN1_STRING_get0_data(gen->d.dNSName)), + static_cast(ASN1_STRING_length(gen->d.dNSName))); + } + break; + case GEN_IPADD: + entry.type = SanType::IP; + if (gen->d.iPAddress) { + auto data = ASN1_STRING_get0_data(gen->d.iPAddress); + auto len = ASN1_STRING_length(gen->d.iPAddress); + if (len == 4) { + // IPv4 + char buf[INET_ADDRSTRLEN]; + inet_ntop(AF_INET, data, buf, sizeof(buf)); + entry.value = buf; + } else if (len == 16) { + // IPv6 + char buf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN]; + inet_ntop(AF_INET6, data, buf, sizeof(buf)); + entry.value = buf; + } + } + break; + case GEN_EMAIL: + entry.type = SanType::EMAIL; + if (gen->d.rfc822Name) { + entry.value = std::string( + reinterpret_cast( + ASN1_STRING_get0_data(gen->d.rfc822Name)), + static_cast(ASN1_STRING_length(gen->d.rfc822Name))); + } + break; + case GEN_URI: + entry.type = SanType::URI; + if (gen->d.uniformResourceIdentifier) { + entry.value = std::string( + reinterpret_cast( + ASN1_STRING_get0_data(gen->d.uniformResourceIdentifier)), + static_cast( + ASN1_STRING_length(gen->d.uniformResourceIdentifier))); + } + break; + default: entry.type = SanType::OTHER; break; + } + + if (!entry.value.empty()) { sans.push_back(std::move(entry)); } + } + + GENERAL_NAMES_free(names); + return true; +} + +inline bool get_cert_validity(cert_t cert, time_t ¬_before, + time_t ¬_after) { + if (!cert) return false; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + auto nb = X509_get0_notBefore(x509); + auto na = X509_get0_notAfter(x509); + if (!nb || !na) return false; + + ASN1_TIME *epoch = ASN1_TIME_new(); + if (!epoch) return false; + auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] { ASN1_TIME_free(epoch); }); + + if (!ASN1_TIME_set(epoch, 0)) return false; + + int pday, psec; + + if (!ASN1_TIME_diff(&pday, &psec, epoch, nb)) return false; + not_before = 86400 * (time_t)pday + psec; + + if (!ASN1_TIME_diff(&pday, &psec, epoch, na)) return false; + not_after = 86400 * (time_t)pday + psec; + + return true; +} + +inline std::string get_cert_serial(cert_t cert) { + if (!cert) return ""; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + auto serial = X509_get_serialNumber(x509); + if (!serial) return ""; + + auto bn = ASN1_INTEGER_to_BN(serial, nullptr); + if (!bn) return ""; + + auto hex = BN_bn2hex(bn); + BN_free(bn); + if (!hex) return ""; + + std::string result(hex); + OPENSSL_free(hex); + return result; +} + +inline bool get_cert_der(cert_t cert, std::vector &der) { + if (!cert) return false; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + auto len = i2d_X509(x509, nullptr); + if (len < 0) return false; + der.resize(static_cast(len)); + auto p = der.data(); + i2d_X509(x509, &p); + return true; +} + +inline const char *get_sni(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) return nullptr; + auto ssl = static_cast(const_cast(session)); + return SSL_get_servername(ssl, TLSEXT_NAMETYPE_host_name); +} + +inline uint64_t peek_error() { return ERR_peek_last_error(); } + +inline uint64_t get_error() { return ERR_get_error(); } + +inline std::string error_string(uint64_t code) { + char buf[256]; + ERR_error_string_n(static_cast(code), buf, sizeof(buf)); + return std::string(buf); +} + +inline ca_store_t create_ca_store(const char *pem, size_t len) { + auto mem = BIO_new_mem_buf(pem, static_cast(len)); + if (!mem) { return nullptr; } + auto mem_guard = detail::scope_exit([&] { BIO_free_all(mem); }); + + auto inf = PEM_X509_INFO_read_bio(mem, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr); + if (!inf) { return nullptr; } + + auto store = X509_STORE_new(); + if (store) { + for (auto i = 0; i < static_cast(sk_X509_INFO_num(inf)); i++) { + auto itmp = sk_X509_INFO_value(inf, i); + if (!itmp) { continue; } + if (itmp->x509) { X509_STORE_add_cert(store, itmp->x509); } + if (itmp->crl) { X509_STORE_add_crl(store, itmp->crl); } + } + } + + sk_X509_INFO_pop_free(inf, X509_INFO_free); + return static_cast(store); +} + +inline void free_ca_store(ca_store_t store) { + if (store) { X509_STORE_free(static_cast(store)); } +} + +inline bool set_ca_store(ctx_t ctx, ca_store_t store) { + if (!ctx || !store) { return false; } + auto ssl_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + auto x509_store = static_cast(store); + + // Check if same store is already set + if (SSL_CTX_get_cert_store(ssl_ctx) == x509_store) { return true; } + + // SSL_CTX_set_cert_store takes ownership and frees the old store + SSL_CTX_set_cert_store(ssl_ctx, x509_store); + return true; +} + +inline size_t get_ca_certs(ctx_t ctx, std::vector &certs) { + certs.clear(); + if (!ctx) { return 0; } + auto ssl_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + + auto store = SSL_CTX_get_cert_store(ssl_ctx); + if (!store) { return 0; } + + auto objs = impl::get_store_objects(store); + if (!objs) { return 0; } + auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] { impl::release_store_objects(objs); }); + + auto count = sk_X509_OBJECT_num(objs); + for (decltype(count) i = 0; i < count; i++) { + auto obj = sk_X509_OBJECT_value(objs, i); + if (!obj) { continue; } + if (X509_OBJECT_get_type(obj) == X509_LU_X509) { + auto x509 = X509_OBJECT_get0_X509(obj); + if (x509) { + // Increment reference count so caller can free it + X509_up_ref(x509); + certs.push_back(static_cast(x509)); + } + } + } + return certs.size(); +} + +inline std::vector get_ca_names(ctx_t ctx) { + std::vector names; + if (!ctx) { return names; } + auto ssl_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + + auto store = SSL_CTX_get_cert_store(ssl_ctx); + if (!store) { return names; } + + auto objs = impl::get_store_objects(store); + if (!objs) { return names; } + auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] { impl::release_store_objects(objs); }); + + auto count = sk_X509_OBJECT_num(objs); + for (decltype(count) i = 0; i < count; i++) { + auto obj = sk_X509_OBJECT_value(objs, i); + if (!obj) { continue; } + if (X509_OBJECT_get_type(obj) == X509_LU_X509) { + auto x509 = X509_OBJECT_get0_X509(obj); + if (x509) { + auto subject = X509_get_subject_name(x509); + if (subject) { + char buf[512]; + X509_NAME_oneline(subject, buf, sizeof(buf)); + names.push_back(buf); + } + } + } + } + return names; +} + +inline bool update_server_cert(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert_pem, + const char *key_pem, const char *password) { + if (!ctx || !cert_pem || !key_pem) { return false; } + auto ssl_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // Load certificate from PEM + auto cert_bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(cert_pem, -1); + if (!cert_bio) { return false; } + auto cert = PEM_read_bio_X509(cert_bio, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr); + BIO_free(cert_bio); + if (!cert) { return false; } + + // Load private key from PEM + auto key_bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(key_pem, -1); + if (!key_bio) { + X509_free(cert); + return false; + } + auto key = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(key_bio, nullptr, nullptr, + password ? const_cast(password) + : nullptr); + BIO_free(key_bio); + if (!key) { + X509_free(cert); + return false; + } + + // Update certificate and key + auto ret = SSL_CTX_use_certificate(ssl_ctx, cert) == 1 && + SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey(ssl_ctx, key) == 1; + + X509_free(cert); + EVP_PKEY_free(key); + return ret; +} + +inline bool update_server_client_ca(ctx_t ctx, const char *ca_pem) { + if (!ctx || !ca_pem) { return false; } + auto ssl_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // Create new X509_STORE from PEM + auto store = create_ca_store(ca_pem, strlen(ca_pem)); + if (!store) { return false; } + + // SSL_CTX_set_cert_store takes ownership + SSL_CTX_set_cert_store(ssl_ctx, static_cast(store)); + + // Set client CA list for client certificate request + auto ca_list = impl::create_client_ca_list_from_pem(ca_pem); + if (ca_list) { + // SSL_CTX_set_client_CA_list takes ownership of ca_list + SSL_CTX_set_client_CA_list(ssl_ctx, ca_list); + } + + return true; +} + +inline bool set_verify_callback(ctx_t ctx, VerifyCallback callback) { + if (!ctx) { return false; } + auto ssl_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + + impl::get_verify_callback() = std::move(callback); + + if (impl::get_verify_callback()) { + SSL_CTX_set_verify(ssl_ctx, SSL_VERIFY_PEER, impl::openssl_verify_callback); + } else { + SSL_CTX_set_verify(ssl_ctx, SSL_VERIFY_PEER, nullptr); + } + return true; +} + +inline long get_verify_error(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) { return -1; } + auto ssl = static_cast(const_cast(session)); + return SSL_get_verify_result(ssl); +} + +inline std::string verify_error_string(long error_code) { + if (error_code == X509_V_OK) { return ""; } + const char *str = X509_verify_cert_error_string(static_cast(error_code)); + return str ? str : "unknown error"; +} + +} // namespace tls + +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT + +/* + * Group 9: TLS abstraction layer - Mbed TLS backend + */ + +/* + * Mbed TLS Backend Implementation + */ + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT +namespace tls { + +namespace impl { + +// Mbed TLS session wrapper +struct MbedTlsSession { + mbedtls_ssl_context ssl; + socket_t sock = INVALID_SOCKET; + std::string hostname; // For client: set via set_sni + std::string sni_hostname; // For server: received from client via SNI callback + + MbedTlsSession() { mbedtls_ssl_init(&ssl); } + + ~MbedTlsSession() { mbedtls_ssl_free(&ssl); } + + MbedTlsSession(const MbedTlsSession &) = delete; + MbedTlsSession &operator=(const MbedTlsSession &) = delete; +}; + +// Thread-local error code accessor for Mbed TLS (since it doesn't have an error +// queue) +inline int &mbedtls_last_error() { + static thread_local int err = 0; + return err; +} + +// Helper to map Mbed TLS error to ErrorCode +inline ErrorCode map_mbedtls_error(int ret, int &out_errno) { + if (ret == 0) { return ErrorCode::Success; } + if (ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ) { return ErrorCode::WantRead; } + if (ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_WRITE) { return ErrorCode::WantWrite; } + if (ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_PEER_CLOSE_NOTIFY) { + return ErrorCode::PeerClosed; + } + if (ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_NET_CONN_RESET || ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_NET_SEND_FAILED || + ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_NET_RECV_FAILED) { + out_errno = errno; + return ErrorCode::SyscallError; + } + if (ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_X509_CERT_VERIFY_FAILED) { + return ErrorCode::CertVerifyFailed; + } + return ErrorCode::Fatal; +} + +// BIO-like send callback for Mbed TLS +inline int mbedtls_net_send_cb(void *ctx, const unsigned char *buf, + size_t len) { + auto sock = *static_cast(ctx); +#ifdef _WIN32 + auto ret = + send(sock, reinterpret_cast(buf), static_cast(len), 0); + if (ret == SOCKET_ERROR) { + int err = WSAGetLastError(); + if (err == WSAEWOULDBLOCK) { return MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_WRITE; } + return MBEDTLS_ERR_NET_SEND_FAILED; + } +#else + auto ret = send(sock, buf, len, 0); + if (ret < 0) { + if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK) { + return MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_WRITE; + } + return MBEDTLS_ERR_NET_SEND_FAILED; + } +#endif + return static_cast(ret); +} + +// BIO-like recv callback for Mbed TLS +inline int mbedtls_net_recv_cb(void *ctx, unsigned char *buf, size_t len) { + auto sock = *static_cast(ctx); +#ifdef _WIN32 + auto ret = + recv(sock, reinterpret_cast(buf), static_cast(len), 0); + if (ret == SOCKET_ERROR) { + int err = WSAGetLastError(); + if (err == WSAEWOULDBLOCK) { return MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ; } + return MBEDTLS_ERR_NET_RECV_FAILED; + } +#else + auto ret = recv(sock, buf, len, 0); + if (ret < 0) { + if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK) { + return MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ; + } + return MBEDTLS_ERR_NET_RECV_FAILED; + } +#endif + if (ret == 0) { return MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_PEER_CLOSE_NOTIFY; } + return static_cast(ret); +} + +// MbedTlsContext constructor/destructor implementations +inline MbedTlsContext::MbedTlsContext() { + mbedtls_ssl_config_init(&conf); + mbedtls_entropy_init(&entropy); + mbedtls_ctr_drbg_init(&ctr_drbg); + mbedtls_x509_crt_init(&ca_chain); + mbedtls_x509_crt_init(&own_cert); + mbedtls_pk_init(&own_key); +} + +inline MbedTlsContext::~MbedTlsContext() { + mbedtls_pk_free(&own_key); + mbedtls_x509_crt_free(&own_cert); + mbedtls_x509_crt_free(&ca_chain); + mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free(&ctr_drbg); + mbedtls_entropy_free(&entropy); + mbedtls_ssl_config_free(&conf); +} + +// Thread-local storage for SNI captured during handshake +// This is needed because the SNI callback doesn't have a way to pass +// session-specific data before the session is fully set up +inline std::string &mbedpending_sni() { + static thread_local std::string sni; + return sni; +} + +// SNI callback for Mbed TLS server to capture client's SNI hostname +inline int mbedtls_sni_callback(void *p_ctx, mbedtls_ssl_context *ssl, + const unsigned char *name, size_t name_len) { + (void)p_ctx; + (void)ssl; + + // Store SNI name in thread-local storage + // It will be retrieved and stored in the session after handshake + if (name && name_len > 0) { + mbedpending_sni().assign(reinterpret_cast(name), name_len); + } else { + mbedpending_sni().clear(); + } + return 0; // Accept any SNI +} + +inline int mbedtls_verify_callback(void *data, mbedtls_x509_crt *crt, + int cert_depth, uint32_t *flags); + +// MbedTLS verify callback wrapper +inline int mbedtls_verify_callback(void *data, mbedtls_x509_crt *crt, + int cert_depth, uint32_t *flags) { + auto &callback = get_verify_callback(); + if (!callback) { return 0; } // Continue with default verification + + // data points to the MbedTlsSession + auto *session = static_cast(data); + + // Build context + VerifyContext verify_ctx; + verify_ctx.session = static_cast(session); + verify_ctx.cert = static_cast(crt); + verify_ctx.depth = cert_depth; + verify_ctx.preverify_ok = (*flags == 0); + verify_ctx.error_code = static_cast(*flags); + + // Convert Mbed TLS flags to error string + static thread_local char error_buf[256]; + if (*flags != 0) { + mbedtls_x509_crt_verify_info(error_buf, sizeof(error_buf), "", *flags); + verify_ctx.error_string = error_buf; + } else { + verify_ctx.error_string = nullptr; + } + + bool accepted = callback(verify_ctx); + + if (accepted) { + *flags = 0; // Clear all error flags + return 0; + } + return MBEDTLS_ERR_X509_CERT_VERIFY_FAILED; +} + +} // namespace impl + +inline ctx_t create_client_context() { + auto ctx = new (std::nothrow) impl::MbedTlsContext(); + if (!ctx) { return nullptr; } + + ctx->is_server = false; + + // Seed the random number generator + const char *pers = "httplib_client"; + int ret = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed( + &ctx->ctr_drbg, mbedtls_entropy_func, &ctx->entropy, + reinterpret_cast(pers), strlen(pers)); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + delete ctx; + return nullptr; + } + + // Set up SSL config for client + ret = mbedtls_ssl_config_defaults(&ctx->conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_IS_CLIENT, + MBEDTLS_SSL_TRANSPORT_STREAM, + MBEDTLS_SSL_PRESET_DEFAULT); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + delete ctx; + return nullptr; + } + + // Set random number generator + mbedtls_ssl_conf_rng(&ctx->conf, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &ctx->ctr_drbg); + + // Default: verify peer certificate + mbedtls_ssl_conf_authmode(&ctx->conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_VERIFY_REQUIRED); + + // Set minimum TLS version to 1.2 +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_V3 + mbedtls_ssl_conf_min_tls_version(&ctx->conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_VERSION_TLS1_2); +#else + mbedtls_ssl_conf_min_version(&ctx->conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_MAJOR_VERSION_3, + MBEDTLS_SSL_MINOR_VERSION_3); +#endif + + return static_cast(ctx); +} + +inline ctx_t create_server_context() { + auto ctx = new (std::nothrow) impl::MbedTlsContext(); + if (!ctx) { return nullptr; } + + ctx->is_server = true; + + // Seed the random number generator + const char *pers = "httplib_server"; + int ret = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed( + &ctx->ctr_drbg, mbedtls_entropy_func, &ctx->entropy, + reinterpret_cast(pers), strlen(pers)); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + delete ctx; + return nullptr; + } + + // Set up SSL config for server + ret = mbedtls_ssl_config_defaults(&ctx->conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_IS_SERVER, + MBEDTLS_SSL_TRANSPORT_STREAM, + MBEDTLS_SSL_PRESET_DEFAULT); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + delete ctx; + return nullptr; + } + + // Set random number generator + mbedtls_ssl_conf_rng(&ctx->conf, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &ctx->ctr_drbg); + + // Default: don't verify client + mbedtls_ssl_conf_authmode(&ctx->conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_VERIFY_NONE); + + // Set minimum TLS version to 1.2 +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_V3 + mbedtls_ssl_conf_min_tls_version(&ctx->conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_VERSION_TLS1_2); +#else + mbedtls_ssl_conf_min_version(&ctx->conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_MAJOR_VERSION_3, + MBEDTLS_SSL_MINOR_VERSION_3); +#endif + + // Set SNI callback to capture client's SNI hostname + mbedtls_ssl_conf_sni(&ctx->conf, impl::mbedtls_sni_callback, nullptr); + + return static_cast(ctx); +} + +inline void free_context(ctx_t ctx) { + if (ctx) { delete static_cast(ctx); } +} + +inline bool set_min_version(ctx_t ctx, Version version) { + if (!ctx) { return false; } + auto mctx = static_cast(ctx); + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_V3 + // Mbed TLS 3.x uses mbedtls_ssl_protocol_version enum + mbedtls_ssl_protocol_version min_ver = MBEDTLS_SSL_VERSION_TLS1_2; + if (version >= Version::TLS1_3) { +#if defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_PROTO_TLS1_3) + min_ver = MBEDTLS_SSL_VERSION_TLS1_3; +#endif + } + mbedtls_ssl_conf_min_tls_version(&mctx->conf, min_ver); +#else + // Mbed TLS 2.x uses major/minor version numbers + int major = MBEDTLS_SSL_MAJOR_VERSION_3; + int minor = MBEDTLS_SSL_MINOR_VERSION_3; // TLS 1.2 + if (version >= Version::TLS1_3) { +#if defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_PROTO_TLS1_3) + minor = MBEDTLS_SSL_MINOR_VERSION_4; // TLS 1.3 +#else + minor = MBEDTLS_SSL_MINOR_VERSION_3; // Fall back to TLS 1.2 +#endif + } + mbedtls_ssl_conf_min_version(&mctx->conf, major, minor); +#endif + return true; +} + +inline bool load_ca_pem(ctx_t ctx, const char *pem, size_t len) { + if (!ctx || !pem) { return false; } + auto mctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // mbedtls_x509_crt_parse expects null-terminated string for PEM + // Add null terminator if not present + std::string pem_str(pem, len); + int ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse( + &mctx->ca_chain, reinterpret_cast(pem_str.c_str()), + pem_str.size() + 1); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + mbedtls_ssl_conf_ca_chain(&mctx->conf, &mctx->ca_chain, nullptr); + return true; +} + +inline bool load_ca_file(ctx_t ctx, const char *file_path) { + if (!ctx || !file_path) { return false; } + auto mctx = static_cast(ctx); + + int ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_file(&mctx->ca_chain, file_path); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + mbedtls_ssl_conf_ca_chain(&mctx->conf, &mctx->ca_chain, nullptr); + return true; +} + +inline bool load_ca_dir(ctx_t ctx, const char *dir_path) { + if (!ctx || !dir_path) { return false; } + auto mctx = static_cast(ctx); + + int ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_path(&mctx->ca_chain, dir_path); + if (ret < 0) { // Returns number of certs on success, negative on error + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + mbedtls_ssl_conf_ca_chain(&mctx->conf, &mctx->ca_chain, nullptr); + return true; +} + +inline bool load_system_certs(ctx_t ctx) { + if (!ctx) { return false; } + auto mctx = static_cast(ctx); + bool loaded = false; + +#ifdef _WIN32 + loaded = impl::enumerate_windows_system_certs( + [&](const unsigned char *data, size_t len) { + return mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_der(&mctx->ca_chain, data, len) == 0; + }); +#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN) + loaded = impl::enumerate_macos_keychain_certs( + [&](const unsigned char *data, size_t len) { + return mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_der(&mctx->ca_chain, data, len) == 0; + }); +#else + for (auto path = impl::system_ca_paths(); *path; ++path) { + if (mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_file(&mctx->ca_chain, *path) >= 0) { + loaded = true; + break; + } + } + + if (!loaded) { + for (auto dir = impl::system_ca_dirs(); *dir; ++dir) { + if (mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_path(&mctx->ca_chain, *dir) >= 0) { + loaded = true; + break; + } + } + } +#endif + + if (loaded) { + mbedtls_ssl_conf_ca_chain(&mctx->conf, &mctx->ca_chain, nullptr); + } + return loaded; +} + +inline bool set_client_cert_pem(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert, const char *key, + const char *password) { + if (!ctx || !cert || !key) { return false; } + auto mctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // Parse certificate + std::string cert_str(cert); + int ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse( + &mctx->own_cert, + reinterpret_cast(cert_str.c_str()), + cert_str.size() + 1); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + // Parse private key + std::string key_str(key); + const unsigned char *pwd = + password ? reinterpret_cast(password) : nullptr; + size_t pwd_len = password ? strlen(password) : 0; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_V3 + ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_key( + &mctx->own_key, reinterpret_cast(key_str.c_str()), + key_str.size() + 1, pwd, pwd_len, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, + &mctx->ctr_drbg); +#else + ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_key( + &mctx->own_key, reinterpret_cast(key_str.c_str()), + key_str.size() + 1, pwd, pwd_len); +#endif + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + // Verify that the certificate and private key match +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_V3 + ret = mbedtls_pk_check_pair(&mctx->own_cert.pk, &mctx->own_key, + mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &mctx->ctr_drbg); +#else + ret = mbedtls_pk_check_pair(&mctx->own_cert.pk, &mctx->own_key); +#endif + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + ret = mbedtls_ssl_conf_own_cert(&mctx->conf, &mctx->own_cert, &mctx->own_key); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + return true; +} + +inline bool set_client_cert_file(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert_path, + const char *key_path, const char *password) { + if (!ctx || !cert_path || !key_path) { return false; } + auto mctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // Parse certificate file + int ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_file(&mctx->own_cert, cert_path); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + // Parse private key file +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_V3 + ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile(&mctx->own_key, key_path, password, + mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &mctx->ctr_drbg); +#else + ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile(&mctx->own_key, key_path, password); +#endif + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + // Verify that the certificate and private key match +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_V3 + ret = mbedtls_pk_check_pair(&mctx->own_cert.pk, &mctx->own_key, + mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &mctx->ctr_drbg); +#else + ret = mbedtls_pk_check_pair(&mctx->own_cert.pk, &mctx->own_key); +#endif + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + ret = mbedtls_ssl_conf_own_cert(&mctx->conf, &mctx->own_cert, &mctx->own_key); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + return true; +} + +inline void set_verify_client(ctx_t ctx, bool require) { + if (!ctx) { return; } + auto mctx = static_cast(ctx); + mctx->verify_client = require; + if (require) { + mbedtls_ssl_conf_authmode(&mctx->conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_VERIFY_REQUIRED); + } else { + // If a verify callback is set, use OPTIONAL mode to ensure the callback + // is called (matching OpenSSL behavior). Otherwise use NONE. + mbedtls_ssl_conf_authmode(&mctx->conf, mctx->has_verify_callback + ? MBEDTLS_SSL_VERIFY_OPTIONAL + : MBEDTLS_SSL_VERIFY_NONE); + } +} + +inline session_t create_session(ctx_t ctx, socket_t sock) { + if (!ctx || sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { return nullptr; } + auto mctx = static_cast(ctx); + + auto session = new (std::nothrow) impl::MbedTlsSession(); + if (!session) { return nullptr; } + + session->sock = sock; + + int ret = mbedtls_ssl_setup(&session->ssl, &mctx->conf); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + delete session; + return nullptr; + } + + // Explicitly opt out of in-handshake hostname verification by default; + // since Mbed TLS 3.6.4 a client handshake with certificate verification + // fails outright when no hostname was set. set_sni() installs the real + // hostname for DNS hosts; for IP hosts (where SNI must not be set) the + // caller verifies the certificate identity post-handshake via + // verify_hostname(). + mbedtls_ssl_set_hostname(&session->ssl, nullptr); + + // Set BIO callbacks + mbedtls_ssl_set_bio(&session->ssl, &session->sock, impl::mbedtls_net_send_cb, + impl::mbedtls_net_recv_cb, nullptr); + + // Set per-session verify callback with session pointer if callback is + // registered + if (mctx->has_verify_callback) { + mbedtls_ssl_set_verify(&session->ssl, impl::mbedtls_verify_callback, + session); + } + + return static_cast(session); +} + +inline void free_session(session_t session) { + if (session) { delete static_cast(session); } +} + +inline bool set_sni(session_t session, const char *hostname) { + if (!session || !hostname) { return false; } + auto msession = static_cast(session); + + int ret = mbedtls_ssl_set_hostname(&msession->ssl, hostname); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + msession->hostname = hostname; + return true; +} + +inline bool set_hostname(session_t session, const char *hostname) { + // In Mbed TLS, set_hostname also sets up hostname verification + return set_sni(session, hostname); +} + +inline TlsError connect(session_t session) { + TlsError err; + if (!session) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Fatal; + return err; + } + + auto msession = static_cast(session); + int ret = mbedtls_ssl_handshake(&msession->ssl); + + if (ret == 0) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Success; + } else { + err.code = impl::map_mbedtls_error(ret, err.sys_errno); + err.backend_code = static_cast(-ret); + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + } + + return err; +} + +inline TlsError accept(session_t session) { + // Same as connect for Mbed TLS - handshake works for both client and server + auto result = connect(session); + + // After successful handshake, capture SNI from thread-local storage + if (result.code == ErrorCode::Success && session) { + auto msession = static_cast(session); + msession->sni_hostname = std::move(impl::mbedpending_sni()); + impl::mbedpending_sni().clear(); + } + + return result; +} + +inline bool connect_nonblocking(session_t session, socket_t sock, + time_t timeout_sec, time_t timeout_usec, + TlsError *err) { + if (!session) { + if (err) { err->code = ErrorCode::Fatal; } + return false; + } + + auto msession = static_cast(session); + + // Set socket to non-blocking mode + detail::set_nonblocking(sock, true); + auto cleanup = + detail::scope_exit([&]() { detail::set_nonblocking(sock, false); }); + + int ret; + while ((ret = mbedtls_ssl_handshake(&msession->ssl)) != 0) { + if (ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ) { + if (detail::select_read(sock, timeout_sec, timeout_usec) > 0) { + continue; + } + } else if (ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_WRITE) { + if (detail::select_write(sock, timeout_sec, timeout_usec) > 0) { + continue; + } + } + + // TlsError or timeout + if (err) { + err->code = impl::map_mbedtls_error(ret, err->sys_errno); + err->backend_code = static_cast(-ret); + } + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + if (err) { err->code = ErrorCode::Success; } + return true; +} + +inline bool accept_nonblocking(session_t session, socket_t sock, + time_t timeout_sec, time_t timeout_usec, + TlsError *err) { + // Same implementation as connect for Mbed TLS + bool result = + connect_nonblocking(session, sock, timeout_sec, timeout_usec, err); + + // After successful handshake, capture SNI from thread-local storage + if (result && session) { + auto msession = static_cast(session); + msession->sni_hostname = std::move(impl::mbedpending_sni()); + impl::mbedpending_sni().clear(); + } + + return result; +} + +inline ssize_t read(session_t session, void *buf, size_t len, TlsError &err) { + if (!session || !buf) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Fatal; + return -1; + } + + auto msession = static_cast(session); + int ret = + mbedtls_ssl_read(&msession->ssl, static_cast(buf), len); + + if (ret > 0) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Success; + return static_cast(ret); + } + + if (ret == 0) { + err.code = ErrorCode::PeerClosed; + return 0; + } + + err.code = impl::map_mbedtls_error(ret, err.sys_errno); + err.backend_code = static_cast(-ret); + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + // mbedTLS signals a clean close_notify via a negative error code rather + // than 0; surface it as a clean EOF the way OpenSSL/wolfSSL do. + if (err.code == ErrorCode::PeerClosed) { return 0; } + return -1; +} + +inline ssize_t write(session_t session, const void *buf, size_t len, + TlsError &err) { + if (!session || !buf) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Fatal; + return -1; + } + + auto msession = static_cast(session); + int ret = mbedtls_ssl_write(&msession->ssl, + static_cast(buf), len); + + if (ret > 0) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Success; + return static_cast(ret); + } + + if (ret == 0) { + err.code = ErrorCode::PeerClosed; + return 0; + } + + err.code = impl::map_mbedtls_error(ret, err.sys_errno); + err.backend_code = static_cast(-ret); + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return -1; +} + +inline int pending(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) { return 0; } + auto msession = + static_cast(const_cast(session)); + return static_cast(mbedtls_ssl_get_bytes_avail(&msession->ssl)); +} + +inline void shutdown(session_t session, bool graceful) { + if (!session) { return; } + auto msession = static_cast(session); + + if (graceful) { + // Try to send close_notify, but don't block forever + int ret; + int attempts = 0; + while ((ret = mbedtls_ssl_close_notify(&msession->ssl)) != 0 && + attempts < 3) { + if (ret != MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ && + ret != MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_WRITE) { + break; + } + attempts++; + } + } +} + +inline bool is_peer_closed(session_t session, socket_t sock) { + if (!session || sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { return true; } + auto msession = static_cast(session); + + // Check if there's already decrypted data available in the TLS buffer + // If so, the connection is definitely alive + if (mbedtls_ssl_get_bytes_avail(&msession->ssl) > 0) { return false; } + + // Set socket to non-blocking to avoid blocking on read + detail::set_nonblocking(sock, true); + auto cleanup = + detail::scope_exit([&]() { detail::set_nonblocking(sock, false); }); + + // Try a 1-byte read to check connection status + // Note: This will consume the byte if data is available, but for the + // purpose of checking if peer is closed, this should be acceptable + // since we're only called when we expect the connection might be closing + unsigned char buf; + int ret = mbedtls_ssl_read(&msession->ssl, &buf, 1); + + // If we got data or WANT_READ (would block), connection is alive + if (ret > 0 || ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ) { return false; } + + // If we get a peer close notify or a connection reset, the peer is closed + return ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_PEER_CLOSE_NOTIFY || + ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_NET_CONN_RESET || ret == 0; +} + +inline cert_t get_peer_cert(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) { return nullptr; } + auto msession = + static_cast(const_cast(session)); + + // Mbed TLS returns a pointer to the internal peer cert chain. + // WARNING: This pointer is only valid while the session is active. + // Do not use the certificate after calling free_session(). + const mbedtls_x509_crt *cert = mbedtls_ssl_get_peer_cert(&msession->ssl); + return const_cast(cert); +} + +inline void free_cert(cert_t cert) { + // Mbed TLS: peer certificate is owned by the SSL context. + // No-op here, but callers should still call this for cross-backend + // portability. + (void)cert; +} + +inline bool verify_hostname(cert_t cert, const char *hostname) { + if (!cert || !hostname) { return false; } + auto mcert = static_cast(cert); + std::string host_str(hostname); + + // Check if hostname is an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) + unsigned char ip_bytes[16]; + auto ip_len = impl::parse_ip_address(host_str, ip_bytes); + auto is_ip = ip_len > 0; + + // Check Subject Alternative Names (SAN) + // In Mbed TLS 3.x, subject_alt_names contains raw values without ASN.1 tags + // - DNS names: raw string bytes + // - IP addresses: raw IP bytes (4 for IPv4, 16 for IPv6) + const mbedtls_x509_sequence *san = &mcert->subject_alt_names; + while (san != nullptr && san->buf.p != nullptr && san->buf.len > 0) { + const unsigned char *p = san->buf.p; + size_t len = san->buf.len; + + if (is_ip) { + // For an IP host, only a matching iPAddress SAN of the same family + // (4 bytes for IPv4, 16 bytes for IPv6) may authenticate it. + if (len == ip_len && memcmp(p, ip_bytes, ip_len) == 0) { return true; } + } else { + // Check if this SAN is a DNS name (printable ASCII string) + bool is_dns = len > 0; + for (size_t i = 0; i < len && is_dns; i++) { + if (p[i] < 32 || p[i] > 126) { is_dns = false; } + } + if (is_dns) { + std::string san_name(reinterpret_cast(p), len); + if (detail::match_hostname(san_name, host_str)) { return true; } + } + } + san = san->next; + } + + // Fallback: Check Common Name (CN) in subject. Skipped for IP-literal hosts: + // an IP identity is only valid via an iPAddress SAN, never the CN (RFC 9110; + // the OpenSSL backend's X509_check_ip behaves the same way). + if (!is_ip) { + char cn[256]; + int ret = mbedtls_x509_dn_gets(cn, sizeof(cn), &mcert->subject); + if (ret > 0) { + std::string cn_str(cn); + + // Look for "CN=" in the DN string + size_t cn_pos = cn_str.find("CN="); + if (cn_pos != std::string::npos) { + size_t start = cn_pos + 3; + size_t end = cn_str.find(',', start); + std::string cn_value = + cn_str.substr(start, end == std::string::npos ? end : end - start); + + if (detail::match_hostname(cn_value, host_str)) { return true; } + } + } + } + + return false; +} + +inline uint64_t hostname_mismatch_code() { + return static_cast(MBEDTLS_X509_BADCERT_CN_MISMATCH); +} + +inline long get_verify_result(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) { return -1; } + auto msession = + static_cast(const_cast(session)); + uint32_t flags = mbedtls_ssl_get_verify_result(&msession->ssl); + // Return 0 (X509_V_OK equivalent) if verification passed + return flags == 0 ? 0 : static_cast(flags); +} + +inline std::string get_cert_subject_cn(cert_t cert) { + if (!cert) return ""; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + // Find the CN in the subject + const mbedtls_x509_name *name = &x509->subject; + while (name != nullptr) { + if (MBEDTLS_OID_CMP(MBEDTLS_OID_AT_CN, &name->oid) == 0) { + return std::string(reinterpret_cast(name->val.p), + name->val.len); + } + name = name->next; + } + return ""; +} + +inline std::string get_cert_issuer_name(cert_t cert) { + if (!cert) return ""; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + // Build a human-readable issuer name string + char buf[512]; + int ret = mbedtls_x509_dn_gets(buf, sizeof(buf), &x509->issuer); + if (ret < 0) return ""; + return std::string(buf); +} + +inline bool get_cert_sans(cert_t cert, std::vector &sans) { + sans.clear(); + if (!cert) return false; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + // Parse the Subject Alternative Name extension + const mbedtls_x509_sequence *cur = &x509->subject_alt_names; + while (cur != nullptr) { + if (cur->buf.len > 0) { + // Mbed TLS stores SAN as ASN.1 sequences + // The tag byte indicates the type + const unsigned char *p = cur->buf.p; + size_t len = cur->buf.len; + + // First byte is the tag + unsigned char tag = *p; + p++; + len--; + + // Parse length (simple single-byte length assumed) + if (len > 0 && *p < 0x80) { + size_t value_len = *p; + p++; + len--; + + if (value_len <= len) { + SanEntry entry; + // ASN.1 context tags for GeneralName + switch (tag & 0x1F) { + case 2: // dNSName + entry.type = SanType::DNS; + entry.value = + std::string(reinterpret_cast(p), value_len); + break; + case 7: // iPAddress + entry.type = SanType::IP; + if (value_len == 4) { + // IPv4 + char buf[16]; + snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d.%d.%d.%d", p[0], p[1], p[2], p[3]); + entry.value = buf; + } else if (value_len == 16) { + // IPv6 + char buf[64]; + snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), + "%02x%02x:%02x%02x:%02x%02x:%02x%02x:" + "%02x%02x:%02x%02x:%02x%02x:%02x%02x", + p[0], p[1], p[2], p[3], p[4], p[5], p[6], p[7], p[8], + p[9], p[10], p[11], p[12], p[13], p[14], p[15]); + entry.value = buf; + } + break; + case 1: // rfc822Name (email) + entry.type = SanType::EMAIL; + entry.value = + std::string(reinterpret_cast(p), value_len); + break; + case 6: // uniformResourceIdentifier + entry.type = SanType::URI; + entry.value = + std::string(reinterpret_cast(p), value_len); + break; + default: entry.type = SanType::OTHER; break; + } + + if (!entry.value.empty()) { sans.push_back(std::move(entry)); } + } + } + } + cur = cur->next; + } + return true; +} + +inline bool get_cert_validity(cert_t cert, time_t ¬_before, + time_t ¬_after) { + if (!cert) return false; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + // Convert mbedtls_x509_time to time_t + auto to_time_t = [](const mbedtls_x509_time &t) -> time_t { + struct tm tm_time = {}; + tm_time.tm_year = t.year - 1900; + tm_time.tm_mon = t.mon - 1; + tm_time.tm_mday = t.day; + tm_time.tm_hour = t.hour; + tm_time.tm_min = t.min; + tm_time.tm_sec = t.sec; +#ifdef _WIN32 + return _mkgmtime(&tm_time); +#else + return timegm(&tm_time); +#endif + }; + + not_before = to_time_t(x509->valid_from); + not_after = to_time_t(x509->valid_to); + return true; +} + +inline std::string get_cert_serial(cert_t cert) { + if (!cert) return ""; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + // Convert serial number to hex string + std::string result; + result.reserve(x509->serial.len * 2); + for (size_t i = 0; i < x509->serial.len; i++) { + char hex[3]; + snprintf(hex, sizeof(hex), "%02X", x509->serial.p[i]); + result += hex; + } + return result; +} + +inline bool get_cert_der(cert_t cert, std::vector &der) { + if (!cert) return false; + auto crt = static_cast(cert); + if (!crt->raw.p || crt->raw.len == 0) return false; + der.assign(crt->raw.p, crt->raw.p + crt->raw.len); + return true; +} + +inline const char *get_sni(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) return nullptr; + auto msession = static_cast(session); + + // For server: return SNI received from client during handshake + if (!msession->sni_hostname.empty()) { + return msession->sni_hostname.c_str(); + } + + // For client: return the hostname set via set_sni + if (!msession->hostname.empty()) { return msession->hostname.c_str(); } + + return nullptr; +} + +inline uint64_t peek_error() { + // Mbed TLS doesn't have an error queue, return the last error + return static_cast(-impl::mbedtls_last_error()); +} + +inline uint64_t get_error() { + // Mbed TLS doesn't have an error queue, return and clear the last error + uint64_t err = static_cast(-impl::mbedtls_last_error()); + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = 0; + return err; +} + +inline std::string error_string(uint64_t code) { + char buf[256]; + mbedtls_strerror(-static_cast(code), buf, sizeof(buf)); + return std::string(buf); +} + +inline ca_store_t create_ca_store(const char *pem, size_t len) { + auto *ca_chain = new (std::nothrow) mbedtls_x509_crt; + if (!ca_chain) { return nullptr; } + + mbedtls_x509_crt_init(ca_chain); + + // mbedtls_x509_crt_parse expects null-terminated PEM + int ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse(ca_chain, + reinterpret_cast(pem), + len + 1); // +1 for null terminator + if (ret != 0) { + // Try without +1 in case PEM is already null-terminated + ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse( + ca_chain, reinterpret_cast(pem), len); + if (ret != 0) { + mbedtls_x509_crt_free(ca_chain); + delete ca_chain; + return nullptr; + } + } + + return static_cast(ca_chain); +} + +inline void free_ca_store(ca_store_t store) { + if (store) { + auto *ca_chain = static_cast(store); + mbedtls_x509_crt_free(ca_chain); + delete ca_chain; + } +} + +inline bool set_ca_store(ctx_t ctx, ca_store_t store) { + if (!ctx || !store) { return false; } + auto *mbed_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + auto *ca_chain = static_cast(store); + + // Free existing CA chain + mbedtls_x509_crt_free(&mbed_ctx->ca_chain); + mbedtls_x509_crt_init(&mbed_ctx->ca_chain); + + // Copy the CA chain (deep copy) + // Parse from the raw data of the source cert + mbedtls_x509_crt *src = ca_chain; + while (src != nullptr) { + int ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_der(&mbed_ctx->ca_chain, src->raw.p, + src->raw.len); + if (ret != 0) { + free_ca_store(store); + return false; + } + src = src->next; + } + + // This function takes ownership of the store; the chain was deep-copied + // above, so release the source + free_ca_store(store); + + // Update the SSL config to use the new CA chain + mbedtls_ssl_conf_ca_chain(&mbed_ctx->conf, &mbed_ctx->ca_chain, nullptr); + return true; +} + +inline size_t get_ca_certs(ctx_t ctx, std::vector &certs) { + certs.clear(); + if (!ctx) { return 0; } + auto *mbed_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // Iterate through the CA chain + mbedtls_x509_crt *cert = &mbed_ctx->ca_chain; + while (cert != nullptr && cert->raw.len > 0) { + // Create a copy of the certificate for the caller + auto *copy = new mbedtls_x509_crt; + mbedtls_x509_crt_init(copy); + int ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_der(copy, cert->raw.p, cert->raw.len); + if (ret == 0) { + certs.push_back(static_cast(copy)); + } else { + mbedtls_x509_crt_free(copy); + delete copy; + } + cert = cert->next; + } + return certs.size(); +} + +inline std::vector get_ca_names(ctx_t ctx) { + std::vector names; + if (!ctx) { return names; } + auto *mbed_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // Iterate through the CA chain + mbedtls_x509_crt *cert = &mbed_ctx->ca_chain; + while (cert != nullptr && cert->raw.len > 0) { + char buf[512]; + int ret = mbedtls_x509_dn_gets(buf, sizeof(buf), &cert->subject); + if (ret > 0) { names.push_back(buf); } + cert = cert->next; + } + return names; +} + +inline bool update_server_cert(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert_pem, + const char *key_pem, const char *password) { + if (!ctx || !cert_pem || !key_pem) { return false; } + auto *mbed_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // Free existing certificate and key + mbedtls_x509_crt_free(&mbed_ctx->own_cert); + mbedtls_pk_free(&mbed_ctx->own_key); + mbedtls_x509_crt_init(&mbed_ctx->own_cert); + mbedtls_pk_init(&mbed_ctx->own_key); + + // Parse certificate PEM + int ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse( + &mbed_ctx->own_cert, reinterpret_cast(cert_pem), + strlen(cert_pem) + 1); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + // Parse private key PEM +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_V3 + ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_key( + &mbed_ctx->own_key, reinterpret_cast(key_pem), + strlen(key_pem) + 1, + password ? reinterpret_cast(password) : nullptr, + password ? strlen(password) : 0, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, + &mbed_ctx->ctr_drbg); +#else + ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_key( + &mbed_ctx->own_key, reinterpret_cast(key_pem), + strlen(key_pem) + 1, + password ? reinterpret_cast(password) : nullptr, + password ? strlen(password) : 0); +#endif + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + // Configure SSL to use the new certificate and key + ret = mbedtls_ssl_conf_own_cert(&mbed_ctx->conf, &mbed_ctx->own_cert, + &mbed_ctx->own_key); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + return true; +} + +inline bool update_server_client_ca(ctx_t ctx, const char *ca_pem) { + if (!ctx || !ca_pem) { return false; } + auto *mbed_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // Free existing CA chain + mbedtls_x509_crt_free(&mbed_ctx->ca_chain); + mbedtls_x509_crt_init(&mbed_ctx->ca_chain); + + // Parse CA PEM + int ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse( + &mbed_ctx->ca_chain, reinterpret_cast(ca_pem), + strlen(ca_pem) + 1); + if (ret != 0) { + impl::mbedtls_last_error() = ret; + return false; + } + + // Update SSL config to use new CA chain + mbedtls_ssl_conf_ca_chain(&mbed_ctx->conf, &mbed_ctx->ca_chain, nullptr); + return true; +} + +inline bool set_verify_callback(ctx_t ctx, VerifyCallback callback) { + if (!ctx) { return false; } + auto *mbed_ctx = static_cast(ctx); + + impl::get_verify_callback() = std::move(callback); + mbed_ctx->has_verify_callback = + static_cast(impl::get_verify_callback()); + + if (mbed_ctx->has_verify_callback) { + // Set OPTIONAL mode to ensure callback is called even when verification + // is disabled (matching OpenSSL behavior where SSL_VERIFY_PEER is set) + mbedtls_ssl_conf_authmode(&mbed_ctx->conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_VERIFY_OPTIONAL); + mbedtls_ssl_conf_verify(&mbed_ctx->conf, impl::mbedtls_verify_callback, + nullptr); + } else { + mbedtls_ssl_conf_verify(&mbed_ctx->conf, nullptr, nullptr); + } + return true; +} + +inline long get_verify_error(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) { return -1; } + auto *msession = + static_cast(const_cast(session)); + return static_cast(mbedtls_ssl_get_verify_result(&msession->ssl)); +} + +inline std::string verify_error_string(long error_code) { + if (error_code == 0) { return ""; } + char buf[256]; + mbedtls_x509_crt_verify_info(buf, sizeof(buf), "", + static_cast(error_code)); + // Remove trailing newline if present + std::string result(buf); + while (!result.empty() && (result.back() == '\n' || result.back() == ' ')) { + result.pop_back(); + } + return result; +} + +} // namespace tls + +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT + +/* + * Group 10: TLS abstraction layer - wolfSSL backend + */ + +/* + * wolfSSL Backend Implementation + */ + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_WOLFSSL_SUPPORT +namespace tls { + +namespace impl { + +// wolfSSL session wrapper +struct WolfSSLSession { + WOLFSSL *ssl = nullptr; + socket_t sock = INVALID_SOCKET; + std::string hostname; // For client: set via set_sni + std::string sni_hostname; // For server: received from client via SNI callback + + WolfSSLSession() = default; + + ~WolfSSLSession() { + if (ssl) { wolfSSL_free(ssl); } + } + + WolfSSLSession(const WolfSSLSession &) = delete; + WolfSSLSession &operator=(const WolfSSLSession &) = delete; +}; + +// Thread-local error code accessor for wolfSSL +inline uint64_t &wolfssl_last_error() { + static thread_local uint64_t err = 0; + return err; +} + +// Helper to map wolfSSL error to ErrorCode. +// ssl_error is the value from wolfSSL_get_error(). +// raw_ret is the raw return value from the wolfSSL call (for low-level error). +inline ErrorCode map_wolfssl_error(WOLFSSL *ssl, int ssl_error, + int &out_errno) { + switch (ssl_error) { + case SSL_ERROR_NONE: return ErrorCode::Success; + case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ: return ErrorCode::WantRead; + case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE: return ErrorCode::WantWrite; + case SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN: return ErrorCode::PeerClosed; + case SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL: out_errno = errno; return ErrorCode::SyscallError; + default: + if (ssl) { + // wolfSSL stores the low-level error code as a negative value. + // DOMAIN_NAME_MISMATCH (-322) indicates hostname verification failure. + int low_err = ssl_error; // wolfSSL_get_error returns the low-level code + if (low_err == DOMAIN_NAME_MISMATCH) { + return ErrorCode::HostnameMismatch; + } + // Check verify result to distinguish cert verification from generic SSL + // errors. + long vr = wolfSSL_get_verify_result(ssl); + if (vr != 0) { return ErrorCode::CertVerifyFailed; } + } + return ErrorCode::Fatal; + } +} + +// WolfSSLContext constructor/destructor implementations +inline WolfSSLContext::WolfSSLContext() { wolfSSL_Init(); } + +inline WolfSSLContext::~WolfSSLContext() { + if (ctx) { wolfSSL_CTX_free(ctx); } +} + +// Thread-local storage for SNI captured during handshake +inline std::string &wolfssl_pending_sni() { + static thread_local std::string sni; + return sni; +} + +// SNI callback for wolfSSL server to capture client's SNI hostname +inline int wolfssl_sni_callback(WOLFSSL *ssl, int *ret, void *exArg) { + (void)ret; + (void)exArg; + + void *name_data = nullptr; + unsigned short name_len = + wolfSSL_SNI_GetRequest(ssl, WOLFSSL_SNI_HOST_NAME, &name_data); + + if (name_data && name_len > 0) { + wolfssl_pending_sni().assign(static_cast(name_data), + name_len); + } else { + wolfssl_pending_sni().clear(); + } + return 0; // Continue regardless +} + +// wolfSSL verify callback wrapper +inline int wolfssl_verify_callback(int preverify_ok, + WOLFSSL_X509_STORE_CTX *x509_ctx) { + auto &callback = get_verify_callback(); + if (!callback) { return preverify_ok; } + + WOLFSSL_X509 *cert = wolfSSL_X509_STORE_CTX_get_current_cert(x509_ctx); + int depth = wolfSSL_X509_STORE_CTX_get_error_depth(x509_ctx); + int err = wolfSSL_X509_STORE_CTX_get_error(x509_ctx); + + // Get the WOLFSSL object from the X509_STORE_CTX + WOLFSSL *ssl = static_cast(wolfSSL_X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_data( + x509_ctx, wolfSSL_get_ex_data_X509_STORE_CTX_idx())); + + VerifyContext verify_ctx; + verify_ctx.session = static_cast(ssl); + verify_ctx.cert = static_cast(cert); + verify_ctx.depth = depth; + verify_ctx.preverify_ok = (preverify_ok != 0); + verify_ctx.error_code = static_cast(err); + + if (err != 0) { + verify_ctx.error_string = wolfSSL_X509_verify_cert_error_string(err); + } else { + verify_ctx.error_string = nullptr; + } + + bool accepted = callback(verify_ctx); + return accepted ? 1 : 0; +} + +inline void set_wolfssl_password_cb(WOLFSSL_CTX *ctx, const char *password) { + wolfSSL_CTX_set_default_passwd_cb_userdata(ctx, const_cast(password)); + wolfSSL_CTX_set_default_passwd_cb( + ctx, [](char *buf, int size, int /*rwflag*/, void *userdata) -> int { + auto *pwd = static_cast(userdata); + if (!pwd) return 0; + auto len = static_cast(strlen(pwd)); + if (len > size) len = size; + memcpy(buf, pwd, static_cast(len)); + return len; + }); +} + +} // namespace impl + +inline ctx_t create_client_context() { + auto ctx = new (std::nothrow) impl::WolfSSLContext(); + if (!ctx) { return nullptr; } + + ctx->is_server = false; + + WOLFSSL_METHOD *method = wolfTLSv1_2_client_method(); + if (!method) { + delete ctx; + return nullptr; + } + + ctx->ctx = wolfSSL_CTX_new(method); + if (!ctx->ctx) { + delete ctx; + return nullptr; + } + + // Default: verify peer certificate + wolfSSL_CTX_set_verify(ctx->ctx, SSL_VERIFY_PEER, nullptr); + + return static_cast(ctx); +} + +inline ctx_t create_server_context() { + auto ctx = new (std::nothrow) impl::WolfSSLContext(); + if (!ctx) { return nullptr; } + + ctx->is_server = true; + + WOLFSSL_METHOD *method = wolfTLSv1_2_server_method(); + if (!method) { + delete ctx; + return nullptr; + } + + ctx->ctx = wolfSSL_CTX_new(method); + if (!ctx->ctx) { + delete ctx; + return nullptr; + } + + // Default: don't verify client + wolfSSL_CTX_set_verify(ctx->ctx, SSL_VERIFY_NONE, nullptr); + + // Enable SNI on server + wolfSSL_CTX_SNI_SetOptions(ctx->ctx, WOLFSSL_SNI_HOST_NAME, + WOLFSSL_SNI_CONTINUE_ON_MISMATCH); + wolfSSL_CTX_set_servername_callback(ctx->ctx, impl::wolfssl_sni_callback); + + return static_cast(ctx); +} + +inline void free_context(ctx_t ctx) { + if (ctx) { delete static_cast(ctx); } +} + +inline bool set_min_version(ctx_t ctx, Version version) { + if (!ctx) { return false; } + auto wctx = static_cast(ctx); + + int min_ver = WOLFSSL_TLSV1_2; + if (version >= Version::TLS1_3) { min_ver = WOLFSSL_TLSV1_3; } + + return wolfSSL_CTX_SetMinVersion(wctx->ctx, min_ver) == WOLFSSL_SUCCESS; +} + +inline bool load_ca_pem(ctx_t ctx, const char *pem, size_t len) { + if (!ctx || !pem) { return false; } + auto wctx = static_cast(ctx); + + int ret = wolfSSL_CTX_load_verify_buffer( + wctx->ctx, reinterpret_cast(pem), + static_cast(len), SSL_FILETYPE_PEM); + if (ret != SSL_SUCCESS) { + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = + static_cast(wolfSSL_ERR_peek_last_error()); + return false; + } + wctx->ca_pem_data_.append(pem, len); + return true; +} + +inline bool load_ca_file(ctx_t ctx, const char *file_path) { + if (!ctx || !file_path) { return false; } + auto wctx = static_cast(ctx); + + int ret = wolfSSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(wctx->ctx, file_path, nullptr); + if (ret != SSL_SUCCESS) { + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = + static_cast(wolfSSL_ERR_peek_last_error()); + return false; + } + return true; +} + +inline bool load_ca_dir(ctx_t ctx, const char *dir_path) { + if (!ctx || !dir_path) { return false; } + auto wctx = static_cast(ctx); + + int ret = wolfSSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(wctx->ctx, nullptr, dir_path); + // wolfSSL may fail if the directory doesn't contain properly hashed certs. + // Unlike OpenSSL which lazily loads certs from directories, wolfSSL scans + // immediately. Return true even on failure since the CA file may have + // already been loaded, matching OpenSSL's lenient behavior. + (void)ret; + return true; +} + +inline bool load_system_certs(ctx_t ctx) { + if (!ctx) { return false; } + auto wctx = static_cast(ctx); + bool loaded = false; + +#ifdef _WIN32 + loaded = impl::enumerate_windows_system_certs( + [&](const unsigned char *data, size_t len) { + return wolfSSL_CTX_load_verify_buffer(wctx->ctx, data, + static_cast(len), + SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1) == SSL_SUCCESS; + }); +#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN) + loaded = impl::enumerate_macos_keychain_certs( + [&](const unsigned char *data, size_t len) { + return wolfSSL_CTX_load_verify_buffer(wctx->ctx, data, + static_cast(len), + SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1) == SSL_SUCCESS; + }); +#else + for (auto path = impl::system_ca_paths(); *path; ++path) { + if (wolfSSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(wctx->ctx, *path, nullptr) == + SSL_SUCCESS) { + loaded = true; + break; + } + } + + if (!loaded) { + for (auto dir = impl::system_ca_dirs(); *dir; ++dir) { + if (wolfSSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(wctx->ctx, nullptr, *dir) == + SSL_SUCCESS) { + loaded = true; + break; + } + } + } +#endif + + return loaded; +} + +inline bool set_client_cert_pem(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert, const char *key, + const char *password) { + if (!ctx || !cert || !key) { return false; } + auto wctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // Load certificate + int ret = wolfSSL_CTX_use_certificate_buffer( + wctx->ctx, reinterpret_cast(cert), + static_cast(strlen(cert)), SSL_FILETYPE_PEM); + if (ret != SSL_SUCCESS) { + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = + static_cast(wolfSSL_ERR_peek_last_error()); + return false; + } + + // Set password callback if password is provided + if (password) { impl::set_wolfssl_password_cb(wctx->ctx, password); } + + // Load private key + ret = wolfSSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_buffer( + wctx->ctx, reinterpret_cast(key), + static_cast(strlen(key)), SSL_FILETYPE_PEM); + if (ret != SSL_SUCCESS) { + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = + static_cast(wolfSSL_ERR_peek_last_error()); + return false; + } + + // Verify that the certificate and private key match + return wolfSSL_CTX_check_private_key(wctx->ctx) == SSL_SUCCESS; +} + +inline bool set_client_cert_file(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert_path, + const char *key_path, const char *password) { + if (!ctx || !cert_path || !key_path) { return false; } + auto wctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // Load certificate file + int ret = + wolfSSL_CTX_use_certificate_file(wctx->ctx, cert_path, SSL_FILETYPE_PEM); + if (ret != SSL_SUCCESS) { + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = + static_cast(wolfSSL_ERR_peek_last_error()); + return false; + } + + // Set password callback if password is provided + if (password) { impl::set_wolfssl_password_cb(wctx->ctx, password); } + + // Load private key file + ret = wolfSSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(wctx->ctx, key_path, SSL_FILETYPE_PEM); + if (ret != SSL_SUCCESS) { + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = + static_cast(wolfSSL_ERR_peek_last_error()); + return false; + } + + // Verify that the certificate and private key match + return wolfSSL_CTX_check_private_key(wctx->ctx) == SSL_SUCCESS; +} + +inline void set_verify_client(ctx_t ctx, bool require) { + if (!ctx) { return; } + auto wctx = static_cast(ctx); + wctx->verify_client = require; + if (require) { + wolfSSL_CTX_set_verify( + wctx->ctx, SSL_VERIFY_PEER | SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT, + wctx->has_verify_callback ? impl::wolfssl_verify_callback : nullptr); + } else { + if (wctx->has_verify_callback) { + wolfSSL_CTX_set_verify(wctx->ctx, SSL_VERIFY_PEER, + impl::wolfssl_verify_callback); + } else { + wolfSSL_CTX_set_verify(wctx->ctx, SSL_VERIFY_NONE, nullptr); + } + } +} + +inline session_t create_session(ctx_t ctx, socket_t sock) { + if (!ctx || sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { return nullptr; } + auto wctx = static_cast(ctx); + + auto session = new (std::nothrow) impl::WolfSSLSession(); + if (!session) { return nullptr; } + + session->sock = sock; + session->ssl = wolfSSL_new(wctx->ctx); + if (!session->ssl) { + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = + static_cast(wolfSSL_ERR_peek_last_error()); + delete session; + return nullptr; + } + + wolfSSL_set_fd(session->ssl, static_cast(sock)); + + return static_cast(session); +} + +inline void free_session(session_t session) { + if (session) { delete static_cast(session); } +} + +inline bool set_sni(session_t session, const char *hostname) { + if (!session || !hostname) { return false; } + auto wsession = static_cast(session); + + int ret = wolfSSL_UseSNI(wsession->ssl, WOLFSSL_SNI_HOST_NAME, hostname, + static_cast(strlen(hostname))); + if (ret != WOLFSSL_SUCCESS) { + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = + static_cast(wolfSSL_ERR_peek_last_error()); + return false; + } + + // Also set hostname for verification + wolfSSL_check_domain_name(wsession->ssl, hostname); + + wsession->hostname = hostname; + return true; +} + +inline bool set_hostname(session_t session, const char *hostname) { + // In wolfSSL, set_hostname also sets up hostname verification + return set_sni(session, hostname); +} + +inline TlsError connect(session_t session) { + TlsError err; + if (!session) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Fatal; + return err; + } + + auto wsession = static_cast(session); + int ret = wolfSSL_connect(wsession->ssl); + + if (ret == SSL_SUCCESS) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Success; + } else { + int ssl_error = wolfSSL_get_error(wsession->ssl, ret); + err.code = impl::map_wolfssl_error(wsession->ssl, ssl_error, err.sys_errno); + err.backend_code = static_cast(ssl_error); + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = err.backend_code; + } + + return err; +} + +inline TlsError accept(session_t session) { + TlsError err; + if (!session) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Fatal; + return err; + } + + auto wsession = static_cast(session); + int ret = wolfSSL_accept(wsession->ssl); + + if (ret == SSL_SUCCESS) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Success; + // Capture SNI from thread-local storage after successful handshake + wsession->sni_hostname = std::move(impl::wolfssl_pending_sni()); + impl::wolfssl_pending_sni().clear(); + } else { + int ssl_error = wolfSSL_get_error(wsession->ssl, ret); + err.code = impl::map_wolfssl_error(wsession->ssl, ssl_error, err.sys_errno); + err.backend_code = static_cast(ssl_error); + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = err.backend_code; + } + + return err; +} + +inline bool connect_nonblocking(session_t session, socket_t sock, + time_t timeout_sec, time_t timeout_usec, + TlsError *err) { + if (!session) { + if (err) { err->code = ErrorCode::Fatal; } + return false; + } + + auto wsession = static_cast(session); + + // Set socket to non-blocking mode + detail::set_nonblocking(sock, true); + auto cleanup = + detail::scope_exit([&]() { detail::set_nonblocking(sock, false); }); + + int ret; + while ((ret = wolfSSL_connect(wsession->ssl)) != SSL_SUCCESS) { + int ssl_error = wolfSSL_get_error(wsession->ssl, ret); + if (ssl_error == SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) { + if (detail::select_read(sock, timeout_sec, timeout_usec) > 0) { + continue; + } + } else if (ssl_error == SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE) { + if (detail::select_write(sock, timeout_sec, timeout_usec) > 0) { + continue; + } + } + + // Error or timeout + if (err) { + err->code = + impl::map_wolfssl_error(wsession->ssl, ssl_error, err->sys_errno); + err->backend_code = static_cast(ssl_error); + } + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = static_cast(ssl_error); + return false; + } + + if (err) { err->code = ErrorCode::Success; } + return true; +} + +inline bool accept_nonblocking(session_t session, socket_t sock, + time_t timeout_sec, time_t timeout_usec, + TlsError *err) { + if (!session) { + if (err) { err->code = ErrorCode::Fatal; } + return false; + } + + auto wsession = static_cast(session); + + // Set socket to non-blocking mode + detail::set_nonblocking(sock, true); + auto cleanup = + detail::scope_exit([&]() { detail::set_nonblocking(sock, false); }); + + int ret; + while ((ret = wolfSSL_accept(wsession->ssl)) != SSL_SUCCESS) { + int ssl_error = wolfSSL_get_error(wsession->ssl, ret); + if (ssl_error == SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) { + if (detail::select_read(sock, timeout_sec, timeout_usec) > 0) { + continue; + } + } else if (ssl_error == SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE) { + if (detail::select_write(sock, timeout_sec, timeout_usec) > 0) { + continue; + } + } + + // Error or timeout + if (err) { + err->code = + impl::map_wolfssl_error(wsession->ssl, ssl_error, err->sys_errno); + err->backend_code = static_cast(ssl_error); + } + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = static_cast(ssl_error); + return false; + } + + if (err) { err->code = ErrorCode::Success; } + + // Capture SNI from thread-local storage after successful handshake + wsession->sni_hostname = std::move(impl::wolfssl_pending_sni()); + impl::wolfssl_pending_sni().clear(); + + return true; +} + +inline ssize_t read(session_t session, void *buf, size_t len, TlsError &err) { + if (!session || !buf) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Fatal; + return -1; + } + + auto wsession = static_cast(session); + int ret = wolfSSL_read(wsession->ssl, buf, static_cast(len)); + + if (ret > 0) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Success; + return static_cast(ret); + } + + if (ret == 0) { + err.code = ErrorCode::PeerClosed; + return 0; + } + + int ssl_error = wolfSSL_get_error(wsession->ssl, ret); + err.code = impl::map_wolfssl_error(wsession->ssl, ssl_error, err.sys_errno); + err.backend_code = static_cast(ssl_error); + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = err.backend_code; + return -1; +} + +inline ssize_t write(session_t session, const void *buf, size_t len, + TlsError &err) { + if (!session || !buf) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Fatal; + return -1; + } + + auto wsession = static_cast(session); + int ret = wolfSSL_write(wsession->ssl, buf, static_cast(len)); + + if (ret > 0) { + err.code = ErrorCode::Success; + return static_cast(ret); + } + + // wolfSSL_write returns 0 when the peer has sent a close_notify. + // Treat this as an error (return -1) so callers don't spin in a + // write loop adding zero to the offset. + if (ret == 0) { + err.code = ErrorCode::PeerClosed; + return -1; + } + + int ssl_error = wolfSSL_get_error(wsession->ssl, ret); + err.code = impl::map_wolfssl_error(wsession->ssl, ssl_error, err.sys_errno); + err.backend_code = static_cast(ssl_error); + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = err.backend_code; + return -1; +} + +inline int pending(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) { return 0; } + auto wsession = + static_cast(const_cast(session)); + return wolfSSL_pending(wsession->ssl); +} + +inline void shutdown(session_t session, bool graceful) { + if (!session) { return; } + auto wsession = static_cast(session); + + if (graceful) { + int ret; + int attempts = 0; + while ((ret = wolfSSL_shutdown(wsession->ssl)) != SSL_SUCCESS && + attempts < 3) { + int ssl_error = wolfSSL_get_error(wsession->ssl, ret); + if (ssl_error != SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ && + ssl_error != SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE) { + break; + } + attempts++; + } + } else { + wolfSSL_shutdown(wsession->ssl); + } +} + +inline bool is_peer_closed(session_t session, socket_t sock) { + if (!session || sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { return true; } + auto wsession = static_cast(session); + + // Check if there's already decrypted data available + if (wolfSSL_pending(wsession->ssl) > 0) { return false; } + + // Set socket to non-blocking to avoid blocking on read + detail::set_nonblocking(sock, true); + auto cleanup = + detail::scope_exit([&]() { detail::set_nonblocking(sock, false); }); + + // Peek 1 byte to check connection status without consuming data + unsigned char buf; + int ret = wolfSSL_peek(wsession->ssl, &buf, 1); + + // If we got data or WANT_READ (would block), connection is alive + if (ret > 0) { return false; } + + int ssl_error = wolfSSL_get_error(wsession->ssl, ret); + if (ssl_error == SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) { return false; } + + return ssl_error == SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN || ssl_error == SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL || + ret == 0; +} + +inline cert_t get_peer_cert(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) { return nullptr; } + auto wsession = + static_cast(const_cast(session)); + + WOLFSSL_X509 *cert = wolfSSL_get_peer_certificate(wsession->ssl); + return static_cast(cert); +} + +inline void free_cert(cert_t cert) { + if (cert) { wolfSSL_X509_free(static_cast(cert)); } +} + +inline bool verify_hostname(cert_t cert, const char *hostname) { + if (!cert || !hostname) { return false; } + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + std::string host_str(hostname); + + // Check if hostname is an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) + unsigned char ip_bytes[16]; + auto ip_len = impl::parse_ip_address(host_str, ip_bytes); + auto is_ip = ip_len > 0; + + // Check Subject Alternative Names + auto *san_names = static_cast( + wolfSSL_X509_get_ext_d2i(x509, NID_subject_alt_name, nullptr, nullptr)); + + if (san_names) { + int san_count = wolfSSL_sk_num(san_names); + for (int i = 0; i < san_count; i++) { + auto *names = + static_cast(wolfSSL_sk_value(san_names, i)); + if (!names) continue; + + if (!is_ip && names->type == WOLFSSL_GEN_DNS) { + // DNS name + unsigned char *dns_name = nullptr; + int dns_len = wolfSSL_ASN1_STRING_to_UTF8(&dns_name, names->d.dNSName); + if (dns_name && dns_len > 0) { + std::string san_name(reinterpret_cast(dns_name), + static_cast(dns_len)); + XFREE(dns_name, nullptr, DYNAMIC_TYPE_OPENSSL); + if (detail::match_hostname(san_name, host_str)) { + wolfSSL_sk_free(san_names); + return true; + } + } + } else if (is_ip && names->type == WOLFSSL_GEN_IPADD) { + // IP address: only an iPAddress SAN of the same family (4 bytes for + // IPv4, 16 bytes for IPv6) may authenticate the host. + unsigned char *ip_data = wolfSSL_ASN1_STRING_data(names->d.iPAddress); + auto san_ip_len = wolfSSL_ASN1_STRING_length(names->d.iPAddress); + if (ip_data && san_ip_len == static_cast(ip_len) && + memcmp(ip_data, ip_bytes, ip_len) == 0) { + wolfSSL_sk_free(san_names); + return true; + } + } + } + wolfSSL_sk_free(san_names); + } + + // Fallback: Check Common Name (CN) in subject. Skipped for IP-literal hosts: + // an IP identity is only valid via an iPAddress SAN, never the CN (RFC 9110; + // the OpenSSL backend's X509_check_ip behaves the same way). + auto subject = is_ip ? nullptr : wolfSSL_X509_get_subject_name(x509); + if (subject) { + char cn[256] = {}; + int cn_len = wolfSSL_X509_NAME_get_text_by_NID(subject, NID_commonName, cn, + sizeof(cn)); + if (cn_len > 0) { + std::string cn_str(cn, static_cast(cn_len)); + if (detail::match_hostname(cn_str, host_str)) { return true; } + } + } + + return false; +} + +inline uint64_t hostname_mismatch_code() { + return static_cast(DOMAIN_NAME_MISMATCH); +} + +inline long get_verify_result(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) { return -1; } + auto wsession = + static_cast(const_cast(session)); + long result = wolfSSL_get_verify_result(wsession->ssl); + return result; +} + +inline std::string get_cert_subject_cn(cert_t cert) { + if (!cert) return ""; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + WOLFSSL_X509_NAME *subject = wolfSSL_X509_get_subject_name(x509); + if (!subject) return ""; + + char cn[256] = {}; + int cn_len = wolfSSL_X509_NAME_get_text_by_NID(subject, NID_commonName, cn, + sizeof(cn)); + if (cn_len <= 0) return ""; + return std::string(cn, static_cast(cn_len)); +} + +inline std::string get_cert_issuer_name(cert_t cert) { + if (!cert) return ""; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + WOLFSSL_X509_NAME *issuer = wolfSSL_X509_get_issuer_name(x509); + if (!issuer) return ""; + + char *name_str = wolfSSL_X509_NAME_oneline(issuer, nullptr, 0); + if (!name_str) return ""; + + std::string result(name_str); + XFREE(name_str, nullptr, DYNAMIC_TYPE_OPENSSL); + return result; +} + +inline bool get_cert_sans(cert_t cert, std::vector &sans) { + sans.clear(); + if (!cert) return false; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + auto *san_names = static_cast( + wolfSSL_X509_get_ext_d2i(x509, NID_subject_alt_name, nullptr, nullptr)); + if (!san_names) return true; // No SANs is not an error + + int count = wolfSSL_sk_num(san_names); + for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { + auto *name = + static_cast(wolfSSL_sk_value(san_names, i)); + if (!name) continue; + + SanEntry entry; + switch (name->type) { + case WOLFSSL_GEN_DNS: { + entry.type = SanType::DNS; + unsigned char *dns_name = nullptr; + int dns_len = wolfSSL_ASN1_STRING_to_UTF8(&dns_name, name->d.dNSName); + if (dns_name && dns_len > 0) { + entry.value = std::string(reinterpret_cast(dns_name), + static_cast(dns_len)); + XFREE(dns_name, nullptr, DYNAMIC_TYPE_OPENSSL); + } + break; + } + case WOLFSSL_GEN_IPADD: { + entry.type = SanType::IP; + unsigned char *ip_data = wolfSSL_ASN1_STRING_data(name->d.iPAddress); + int ip_len = wolfSSL_ASN1_STRING_length(name->d.iPAddress); + if (ip_data && ip_len == 4) { + char buf[16]; + snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d.%d.%d.%d", ip_data[0], ip_data[1], + ip_data[2], ip_data[3]); + entry.value = buf; + } else if (ip_data && ip_len == 16) { + char buf[64]; + snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), + "%02x%02x:%02x%02x:%02x%02x:%02x%02x:" + "%02x%02x:%02x%02x:%02x%02x:%02x%02x", + ip_data[0], ip_data[1], ip_data[2], ip_data[3], ip_data[4], + ip_data[5], ip_data[6], ip_data[7], ip_data[8], ip_data[9], + ip_data[10], ip_data[11], ip_data[12], ip_data[13], + ip_data[14], ip_data[15]); + entry.value = buf; + } + break; + } + case WOLFSSL_GEN_EMAIL: + entry.type = SanType::EMAIL; + { + unsigned char *email = nullptr; + int email_len = wolfSSL_ASN1_STRING_to_UTF8(&email, name->d.rfc822Name); + if (email && email_len > 0) { + entry.value = std::string(reinterpret_cast(email), + static_cast(email_len)); + XFREE(email, nullptr, DYNAMIC_TYPE_OPENSSL); + } + } + break; + case WOLFSSL_GEN_URI: + entry.type = SanType::URI; + { + unsigned char *uri = nullptr; + int uri_len = wolfSSL_ASN1_STRING_to_UTF8( + &uri, name->d.uniformResourceIdentifier); + if (uri && uri_len > 0) { + entry.value = std::string(reinterpret_cast(uri), + static_cast(uri_len)); + XFREE(uri, nullptr, DYNAMIC_TYPE_OPENSSL); + } + } + break; + default: entry.type = SanType::OTHER; break; + } + + if (!entry.value.empty()) { sans.push_back(std::move(entry)); } + } + wolfSSL_sk_free(san_names); + return true; +} + +inline bool get_cert_validity(cert_t cert, time_t ¬_before, + time_t ¬_after) { + if (!cert) return false; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + const WOLFSSL_ASN1_TIME *nb = wolfSSL_X509_get_notBefore(x509); + const WOLFSSL_ASN1_TIME *na = wolfSSL_X509_get_notAfter(x509); + + if (!nb || !na) return false; + + // wolfSSL_ASN1_TIME_to_tm is available + struct tm tm_nb = {}, tm_na = {}; + if (wolfSSL_ASN1_TIME_to_tm(nb, &tm_nb) != WOLFSSL_SUCCESS) return false; + if (wolfSSL_ASN1_TIME_to_tm(na, &tm_na) != WOLFSSL_SUCCESS) return false; + +#ifdef _WIN32 + not_before = _mkgmtime(&tm_nb); + not_after = _mkgmtime(&tm_na); +#else + not_before = timegm(&tm_nb); + not_after = timegm(&tm_na); +#endif + return true; +} + +inline std::string get_cert_serial(cert_t cert) { + if (!cert) return ""; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + WOLFSSL_ASN1_INTEGER *serial_asn1 = wolfSSL_X509_get_serialNumber(x509); + if (!serial_asn1) return ""; + + // Get the serial number data + int len = serial_asn1->length; + unsigned char *data = serial_asn1->data; + if (!data || len <= 0) return ""; + + std::string result; + result.reserve(static_cast(len) * 2); + for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) { + char hex[3]; + snprintf(hex, sizeof(hex), "%02X", data[i]); + result += hex; + } + return result; +} + +inline bool get_cert_der(cert_t cert, std::vector &der) { + if (!cert) return false; + auto x509 = static_cast(cert); + + int der_len = 0; + const unsigned char *der_data = wolfSSL_X509_get_der(x509, &der_len); + if (!der_data || der_len <= 0) return false; + + der.assign(der_data, der_data + der_len); + return true; +} + +inline const char *get_sni(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) return nullptr; + auto wsession = static_cast(session); + + // For server: return SNI received from client during handshake + if (!wsession->sni_hostname.empty()) { + return wsession->sni_hostname.c_str(); + } + + // For client: return the hostname set via set_sni + if (!wsession->hostname.empty()) { return wsession->hostname.c_str(); } + + return nullptr; +} + +inline uint64_t peek_error() { + return static_cast(wolfSSL_ERR_peek_last_error()); +} + +inline uint64_t get_error() { + uint64_t err = impl::wolfssl_last_error(); + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = 0; + return err; +} + +inline std::string error_string(uint64_t code) { + char buf[256]; + wolfSSL_ERR_error_string(static_cast(code), buf); + return std::string(buf); +} + +inline ca_store_t create_ca_store(const char *pem, size_t len) { + if (!pem || len == 0) { return nullptr; } + // Validate by attempting to load into a temporary ctx + WOLFSSL_CTX *tmp_ctx = wolfSSL_CTX_new(wolfTLSv1_2_client_method()); + if (!tmp_ctx) { return nullptr; } + int ret = wolfSSL_CTX_load_verify_buffer( + tmp_ctx, reinterpret_cast(pem), + static_cast(len), SSL_FILETYPE_PEM); + wolfSSL_CTX_free(tmp_ctx); + if (ret != SSL_SUCCESS) { return nullptr; } + return static_cast( + new impl::WolfSSLCAStore{std::string(pem, len)}); +} + +inline void free_ca_store(ca_store_t store) { + delete static_cast(store); +} + +inline bool set_ca_store(ctx_t ctx, ca_store_t store) { + if (!ctx || !store) { return false; } + auto *wctx = static_cast(ctx); + auto *ca = static_cast(store); + int ret = wolfSSL_CTX_load_verify_buffer( + wctx->ctx, reinterpret_cast(ca->pem_data.data()), + static_cast(ca->pem_data.size()), SSL_FILETYPE_PEM); + if (ret == SSL_SUCCESS) { wctx->ca_pem_data_ += ca->pem_data; } + // This function takes ownership of the store; the PEM data was copied into + // the context, so release the source + free_ca_store(store); + return ret == SSL_SUCCESS; +} + +inline size_t get_ca_certs(ctx_t ctx, std::vector &certs) { + certs.clear(); + if (!ctx) { return 0; } + auto *wctx = static_cast(ctx); + if (wctx->ca_pem_data_.empty()) { return 0; } + + const std::string &pem = wctx->ca_pem_data_; + const std::string begin_marker = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----"; + const std::string end_marker = "-----END CERTIFICATE-----"; + size_t pos = 0; + while ((pos = pem.find(begin_marker, pos)) != std::string::npos) { + size_t end_pos = pem.find(end_marker, pos); + if (end_pos == std::string::npos) { break; } + end_pos += end_marker.size(); + std::string cert_pem = pem.substr(pos, end_pos - pos); + WOLFSSL_X509 *x509 = wolfSSL_X509_load_certificate_buffer( + reinterpret_cast(cert_pem.data()), + static_cast(cert_pem.size()), WOLFSSL_FILETYPE_PEM); + if (x509) { certs.push_back(static_cast(x509)); } + pos = end_pos; + } + return certs.size(); +} + +inline std::vector get_ca_names(ctx_t ctx) { + std::vector names; + if (!ctx) { return names; } + auto *wctx = static_cast(ctx); + if (wctx->ca_pem_data_.empty()) { return names; } + + const std::string &pem = wctx->ca_pem_data_; + const std::string begin_marker = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----"; + const std::string end_marker = "-----END CERTIFICATE-----"; + size_t pos = 0; + while ((pos = pem.find(begin_marker, pos)) != std::string::npos) { + size_t end_pos = pem.find(end_marker, pos); + if (end_pos == std::string::npos) { break; } + end_pos += end_marker.size(); + std::string cert_pem = pem.substr(pos, end_pos - pos); + WOLFSSL_X509 *x509 = wolfSSL_X509_load_certificate_buffer( + reinterpret_cast(cert_pem.data()), + static_cast(cert_pem.size()), WOLFSSL_FILETYPE_PEM); + if (x509) { + WOLFSSL_X509_NAME *subject = wolfSSL_X509_get_subject_name(x509); + if (subject) { + char *name_str = wolfSSL_X509_NAME_oneline(subject, nullptr, 0); + if (name_str) { + names.push_back(name_str); + XFREE(name_str, nullptr, DYNAMIC_TYPE_OPENSSL); + } + } + wolfSSL_X509_free(x509); + } + pos = end_pos; + } + return names; +} + +inline bool update_server_cert(ctx_t ctx, const char *cert_pem, + const char *key_pem, const char *password) { + if (!ctx || !cert_pem || !key_pem) { return false; } + auto *wctx = static_cast(ctx); + + // Load new certificate + int ret = wolfSSL_CTX_use_certificate_buffer( + wctx->ctx, reinterpret_cast(cert_pem), + static_cast(strlen(cert_pem)), SSL_FILETYPE_PEM); + if (ret != SSL_SUCCESS) { + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = + static_cast(wolfSSL_ERR_peek_last_error()); + return false; + } + + // Set password if provided + if (password) { impl::set_wolfssl_password_cb(wctx->ctx, password); } + + // Load new private key + ret = wolfSSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_buffer( + wctx->ctx, reinterpret_cast(key_pem), + static_cast(strlen(key_pem)), SSL_FILETYPE_PEM); + if (ret != SSL_SUCCESS) { + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = + static_cast(wolfSSL_ERR_peek_last_error()); + return false; + } + + return true; +} + +inline bool update_server_client_ca(ctx_t ctx, const char *ca_pem) { + if (!ctx || !ca_pem) { return false; } + auto *wctx = static_cast(ctx); + + int ret = wolfSSL_CTX_load_verify_buffer( + wctx->ctx, reinterpret_cast(ca_pem), + static_cast(strlen(ca_pem)), SSL_FILETYPE_PEM); + if (ret != SSL_SUCCESS) { + impl::wolfssl_last_error() = + static_cast(wolfSSL_ERR_peek_last_error()); + return false; + } + return true; +} + +inline bool set_verify_callback(ctx_t ctx, VerifyCallback callback) { + if (!ctx) { return false; } + auto *wctx = static_cast(ctx); + + impl::get_verify_callback() = std::move(callback); + wctx->has_verify_callback = static_cast(impl::get_verify_callback()); + + if (wctx->has_verify_callback) { + wolfSSL_CTX_set_verify(wctx->ctx, SSL_VERIFY_PEER, + impl::wolfssl_verify_callback); + } else { + wolfSSL_CTX_set_verify( + wctx->ctx, + wctx->verify_client + ? (SSL_VERIFY_PEER | SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT) + : SSL_VERIFY_NONE, + nullptr); + } + return true; +} + +inline long get_verify_error(const_session_t session) { + if (!session) { return -1; } + auto *wsession = + static_cast(const_cast(session)); + return wolfSSL_get_verify_result(wsession->ssl); +} + +inline std::string verify_error_string(long error_code) { + if (error_code == 0) { return ""; } + const char *str = + wolfSSL_X509_verify_cert_error_string(static_cast(error_code)); + return str ? std::string(str) : std::string(); +} + +} // namespace tls + +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_WOLFSSL_SUPPORT + +// WebSocket implementation +namespace ws { + +inline bool WebSocket::send_frame(Opcode op, const char *data, size_t len, + bool fin) { + std::lock_guard lock(write_mutex_); + if (closed_) { return false; } + return detail::write_websocket_frame(strm_, op, data, len, fin, !is_server_); +} + +inline ReadResult WebSocket::read(std::string &msg) { + while (!closed_) { + Opcode opcode; + std::string payload; + bool fin; + + if (!impl::read_websocket_frame(strm_, opcode, payload, fin, is_server_, + CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH)) { + closed_ = true; + return Fail; + } + + switch (opcode) { + case Opcode::Ping: { + std::lock_guard lock(write_mutex_); + detail::write_websocket_frame(strm_, Opcode::Pong, payload.data(), + payload.size(), true, !is_server_); + continue; + } + case Opcode::Pong: { + std::lock_guard lock(ping_mutex_); + unacked_pings_ = 0; + continue; + } + case Opcode::Close: { + if (!closed_.exchange(true)) { + // Echo close frame back + std::lock_guard lock(write_mutex_); + detail::write_websocket_frame(strm_, Opcode::Close, payload.data(), + payload.size(), true, !is_server_); + } + return Fail; + } + case Opcode::Text: + case Opcode::Binary: { + auto result = opcode == Opcode::Text ? Text : Binary; + msg = std::move(payload); + + // Handle fragmentation + if (!fin) { + while (true) { + Opcode cont_opcode; + std::string cont_payload; + bool cont_fin; + if (!impl::read_websocket_frame( + strm_, cont_opcode, cont_payload, cont_fin, is_server_, + CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH)) { + closed_ = true; + return Fail; + } + if (cont_opcode == Opcode::Ping) { + std::lock_guard lock(write_mutex_); + detail::write_websocket_frame( + strm_, Opcode::Pong, cont_payload.data(), cont_payload.size(), + true, !is_server_); + continue; + } + if (cont_opcode == Opcode::Pong) { + std::lock_guard lock(ping_mutex_); + unacked_pings_ = 0; + continue; + } + if (cont_opcode == Opcode::Close) { + if (!closed_.exchange(true)) { + std::lock_guard lock(write_mutex_); + detail::write_websocket_frame( + strm_, Opcode::Close, cont_payload.data(), + cont_payload.size(), true, !is_server_); + } + return Fail; + } + // RFC 6455: continuation frames must use opcode 0x0 + if (cont_opcode != Opcode::Continuation) { + closed_ = true; + return Fail; + } + msg += cont_payload; + if (msg.size() > CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH) { + closed_ = true; + return Fail; + } + if (cont_fin) { break; } + } + } + // RFC 6455 Section 5.6: text frames must contain valid UTF-8 + if (result == Text && !impl::is_valid_utf8(msg)) { + close(CloseStatus::InvalidPayload, "invalid UTF-8"); + return Fail; + } + return result; + } + default: closed_ = true; return Fail; + } + } + return Fail; +} + +inline bool WebSocket::send(const std::string &data) { + return send_frame(Opcode::Text, data.data(), data.size()); +} + +inline bool WebSocket::send(const char *data, size_t len) { + return send_frame(Opcode::Binary, data, len); +} + +inline void WebSocket::close(CloseStatus status, const std::string &reason) { + if (closed_.exchange(true)) { return; } + ping_cv_.notify_all(); + std::string payload; + auto code = static_cast(status); + payload.push_back(static_cast((code >> 8) & 0xFF)); + payload.push_back(static_cast(code & 0xFF)); + // RFC 6455 Section 5.5: control frame payload must not exceed 125 bytes + // Close frame has 2-byte status code, so reason is limited to 123 bytes + payload += reason.substr(0, 123); + { + std::lock_guard lock(write_mutex_); + detail::write_websocket_frame(strm_, Opcode::Close, payload.data(), + payload.size(), true, !is_server_); + } + + // RFC 6455 Section 7.1.1: after sending a Close frame, wait for the peer's + // Close response before closing the TCP connection. Use a short timeout to + // avoid hanging if the peer doesn't respond. + strm_.set_read_timeout(CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_CLOSE_TIMEOUT_SECOND, 0); + Opcode op; + std::string resp; + bool fin; + while (impl::read_websocket_frame(strm_, op, resp, fin, is_server_, 125)) { + if (op == Opcode::Close) { break; } + } +} + +inline WebSocket::~WebSocket() { + { + std::lock_guard lock(ping_mutex_); + closed_ = true; + } + ping_cv_.notify_all(); + if (ping_thread_.joinable()) { ping_thread_.join(); } +} + +inline void WebSocket::start_heartbeat() { + if (ping_interval_sec_ == 0) { return; } + ping_thread_ = std::thread([this]() { + std::unique_lock lock(ping_mutex_); + while (!closed_) { + ping_cv_.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::seconds(ping_interval_sec_)); + if (closed_) { break; } + // If the peer has failed to respond to the previous pings, give up. + // RFC 6455 does not define a pong-timeout mechanism; this is an + // opt-in liveness check controlled by max_missed_pongs_. + if (max_missed_pongs_ > 0 && unacked_pings_ >= max_missed_pongs_) { + lock.unlock(); + close(CloseStatus::GoingAway, "pong timeout"); + return; + } + lock.unlock(); + if (!send_frame(Opcode::Ping, nullptr, 0)) { + lock.lock(); + closed_ = true; + break; + } + lock.lock(); + unacked_pings_++; + } + }); +} + +inline const Request &WebSocket::request() const { return req_; } + +inline bool WebSocket::is_open() const { return !closed_; } + +// WebSocketClient implementation +inline WebSocketClient::WebSocketClient( + const std::string &scheme_host_port_path, const Headers &headers) + : headers_(headers) { + detail::UrlComponents uc; + if (detail::parse_url(scheme_host_port_path, uc) && !uc.scheme.empty() && + !uc.host.empty() && !uc.path.empty()) { + auto &scheme = uc.scheme; + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + if (scheme != "ws" && scheme != "wss") { +#else + if (scheme != "ws") { +#endif +#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS + std::string msg = "'" + scheme + "' scheme is not supported."; + throw std::invalid_argument(msg); +#endif + return; + } + + auto is_ssl = scheme == "wss"; + + host_ = std::move(uc.host); + + port_ = is_ssl ? 443 : 80; + if (!uc.port.empty() && !detail::parse_port(uc.port, port_)) { return; } + + path_ = std::move(uc.path); + if (!uc.query.empty()) { path_ += uc.query; } + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + is_ssl_ = is_ssl; + if (is_ssl_) { + // The context lives as long as the client so that CA configuration + // survives reconnects; sessions are created per connection. + tls_ctx_ = tls::create_client_context(); + if (!tls_ctx_) { return; } + } +#else + if (is_ssl) { return; } +#endif + + is_valid_ = true; + } +} + +inline WebSocketClient::~WebSocketClient() { + shutdown_and_close(); +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + if (tls_ctx_) { + tls::free_context(tls_ctx_); + tls_ctx_ = nullptr; + } +#endif +} + +inline bool WebSocketClient::is_valid() const { return is_valid_; } + +inline void WebSocketClient::shutdown_and_close() { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + if (is_ssl_) { + if (tls_session_) { + tls::shutdown(tls_session_, true); + tls::free_session(tls_session_); + tls_session_ = nullptr; + } + } +#endif + if (ws_ && ws_->is_open()) { ws_->close(); } + ws_.reset(); + if (sock_ != INVALID_SOCKET) { + detail::shutdown_socket(sock_); + detail::close_socket(sock_); + sock_ = INVALID_SOCKET; + } +} + +inline bool WebSocketClient::create_stream(std::unique_ptr &strm) { +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + if (is_ssl_) { + if (server_certificate_verification_ && !certs_loaded_) { + uint64_t backend_error = 0; + detail::load_client_ca_config(tls_ctx_, ca_cert_file_path_, std::string(), + custom_ca_loaded_, system_ca_mode_, + backend_error); + certs_loaded_ = true; + } + + if (!detail::setup_client_tls_session(host_, tls_ctx_, tls_session_, sock_, + server_certificate_verification_, + read_timeout_sec_, + read_timeout_usec_)) { + return false; + } + + strm = std::unique_ptr(new detail::SSLSocketStream( + sock_, tls_session_, read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, + write_timeout_sec_, write_timeout_usec_)); + return true; + } +#endif + strm = std::unique_ptr( + new detail::SocketStream(sock_, read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, + write_timeout_sec_, write_timeout_usec_)); + return true; +} + +inline bool WebSocketClient::connect() { + if (!is_valid_) { return false; } + shutdown_and_close(); + + // Check is custom IP specified for host_ + std::string ip; + auto it = addr_map_.find(host_); + if (it != addr_map_.end()) { ip = it->second; } + + Error error; + sock_ = detail::create_client_socket( + host_, ip, port_, address_family_, tcp_nodelay_, ipv6_v6only_, + socket_options_, connection_timeout_sec_, connection_timeout_usec_, + read_timeout_sec_, read_timeout_usec_, write_timeout_sec_, + write_timeout_usec_, interface_, error); + + if (sock_ == INVALID_SOCKET) { return false; } + + std::unique_ptr strm; + if (!create_stream(strm)) { + shutdown_and_close(); + return false; + } + + std::string selected_subprotocol; + if (!detail::perform_websocket_handshake(*strm, host_, port_, path_, headers_, + selected_subprotocol)) { + shutdown_and_close(); + return false; + } + subprotocol_ = std::move(selected_subprotocol); + + Request req; + req.method = "GET"; + req.path = path_; + ws_ = std::unique_ptr(new WebSocket(std::move(strm), req, false, + websocket_ping_interval_sec_, + websocket_max_missed_pongs_)); + return true; +} + +inline ReadResult WebSocketClient::read(std::string &msg) { + if (!ws_) { return Fail; } + return ws_->read(msg); +} + +inline bool WebSocketClient::send(const std::string &data) { + if (!ws_) { return false; } + return ws_->send(data); +} + +inline bool WebSocketClient::send(const char *data, size_t len) { + if (!ws_) { return false; } + return ws_->send(data, len); +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::close(CloseStatus status, + const std::string &reason) { + if (ws_) { ws_->close(status, reason); } +} + +inline bool WebSocketClient::is_open() const { return ws_ && ws_->is_open(); } + +inline const std::string &WebSocketClient::subprotocol() const { + return subprotocol_; +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_read_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + read_timeout_sec_ = sec; + read_timeout_usec_ = usec; +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_write_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + write_timeout_sec_ = sec; + write_timeout_usec_ = usec; +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_websocket_ping_interval(time_t sec) { + websocket_ping_interval_sec_ = sec; +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_websocket_max_missed_pongs(int count) { + websocket_max_missed_pongs_ = count; +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_tcp_nodelay(bool on) { tcp_nodelay_ = on; } + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_address_family(int family) { + address_family_ = family; +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_ipv6_v6only(bool on) { ipv6_v6only_ = on; } + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_socket_options(SocketOptions socket_options) { + socket_options_ = std::move(socket_options); +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_connection_timeout(time_t sec, time_t usec) { + connection_timeout_sec_ = sec; + connection_timeout_usec_ = usec; +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_interface(const std::string &intf) { + interface_ = intf; +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_hostname_addr_map( + std::map addr_map) { + addr_map_ = std::move(addr_map); +} + +#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_ca_cert_path(const std::string &path) { + ca_cert_file_path_ = path; +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::set_ca_cert_store(tls::ca_store_t store) { + if (store && tls_ctx_) { + // set_ca_store takes ownership of store + tls::set_ca_store(tls_ctx_, store); + custom_ca_loaded_ = true; + } else if (store) { + tls::free_ca_store(store); + } +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::load_ca_cert_store(const char *ca_cert, + std::size_t size) { + if (tls_ctx_ && ca_cert && size > 0) { + tls::load_ca_pem(tls_ctx_, ca_cert, size); + custom_ca_loaded_ = true; + } +} + +inline void +WebSocketClient::enable_server_certificate_verification(bool enabled) { + server_certificate_verification_ = enabled; +} + +inline void WebSocketClient::enable_system_ca(bool enabled) { + system_ca_mode_ = enabled ? SystemCAMode::Enabled : SystemCAMode::Disabled; +} + +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED + +} // namespace ws + +// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +} // namespace httplib + +#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_HTTPLIB_H